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Article History

Received: 22 July 2025

Accepted: 20 October 2025

First Online: 26 November 2025

Competing interests

: GG reports fees for advisory role from Gilead, Seagen, Menarini, personal fees as an invited speaker from Eli Lilly, Novartis, MSD. MB reports travel support from Eli Lilly. FM reports personal fees from Roche, Novartis, Pfizer, Seagen, Menarini, MSD, Gilead, and Astrazeneca. MVD reports personal fees for consultancy/advisory role from Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Novartis, Seagen, Gilead, MSD, Exact Sciences, AstraZeneca, Roche, Daiichi Sankyo, Roche. VG reports personal fees for advisory board participation for AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Gilead, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Roche, Menarini Stemline, Exact Sciences, personal fees as an invited speaker for AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Exact Sciences, Gilead, GSK, Novartis, Roche, Zentiva, Menarini Stemline, personal fees for expert testimony for Eli Lilly, patents for HER2DX (Institution). AP personal fees as an invited speaker: AstraZeneca, Roche, Novartis, Daiichi Sankyo; personal fees for advisory role: AstraZeneca, Roche, Pfizer, Novartis, Daiichi Sankyo, Ona Therapeutics; Research support: AstraZeneca, Novartis, Roche, Daiichi Sankyo; Stockholder and employee of Reveal Genomics; Patents: PCT/EP2016/080056, PCT/EP2022/086493, PCT/EP2023/060810, EP23382703, and EP23383369.TG Congress Honoraria and fees from Novartis, Eli Lilly, Daiichi Sankyo, and Astrazeneca. AP holds the position of Associate Editor at NPJ Breast Cancer. All remaining authors have declared no conflicts of interest.