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Article History

Received: 21 June 2025

Accepted: 27 October 2025

First Online: 5 December 2025

Competing interests

: Alexandra Stanciu: The author declares no potential conflicts of interest. Elisa Agostinetto: advisory board or honoraria from Eli Lilly, AstraZeneca, Abscint, Bayer; research grant to my Institution from Gilead; meeting/travel grants from Novartis, Roche, Eli Lilly, Daiichi Sankyo, AstraZeneca, Abscint, Menarini (all outside the submitted work). Mariana Brandão: Advisory board for Janssen, Sanofi, Pierre-Fabre, Daichii, Pfizer and Amgen. Speaker fee from AstraZeneca, BMS, Janssen, Takeda, MSD, Pfizer. Is/was an investigator for AstraZeneca, Boeringher, Merus, Merck, Roche/GNE, Sanofi, iTeos, Pierre-Fabre. Travel grant from Takeda, Sanofi, AstraZeneca, Roche, Merus. Consultancy for AstraZeneca and Boeringher. Organizations: EORTC LCG, ESMO committees. Andreas Papagiannis and Christodoulos Pipinikas: The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest Lieveke Ameye: The author declares no potential conflicts of interest. Marianne Paesmans: The author declares no potential conflicts of interest. Tatiana Besse: The author declares no potential conflicts of interest. Francoise Rothe: The author declare no potential conflicts of interest, Laurence Buisseret: Salary partly covered by the Fondation contre le Cancer (Belgium), Research funding to my Institution from AstraZeneca/MedImmune, Advisory role for Domain Therapeutics, iTeos Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Member of the IMMUcan Consortium (EORTC), Travel grants from GILEAD, AstraZeneca, Roche, LilyDonatienne Taylor and Patrick Neven and Christos Sotiriou: The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest, Francois P Duhoux: reports consultancy and advisory role fees to institution from Amgen, AstraZeneca, DaiichiSankyo, Gilead Sciences, Lilly, Menarini, MSD Oncology, Novartis, Pierre-Fabre, Pfizer, Roche, Seattle Genetics; travel support for attending medical conferences from Amgen, DaiichiSankyo/AstraZeneca, Gilead Sciences, MSD, Pfizer, Roche, and Teva.Peter Vuylsteke: The author declare no potential conflicts of interes., Michail Ignatiadis consultancy roles for Seattle Genetics, Daichi, AstraZeneca, Menarini/Stemline, Gilead Sciences, Rejuveron Senescence Therapeutics, and Novartis, grant/research support (to institution) from Pfizer, Roche, Inivata Inc, and Natera Inc, and uncompensated roles for EORTC (EORTC Board of Directors 2018–2021, Chair EORTC Breast Cancer Group 2021–2024).