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Article History

Received: 21 July 2025

Accepted: 30 October 2025

First Online: 16 December 2025

Competing interests

: K.V. Has received honoraria for speaker bureau from Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD), Roche, and AstraZeneca; A.M. has received support from Menarini Group and served on the Speakers’ Bureau for Roche and AstraZeneca. G.C. has received honoraria for speaker engagements from Roche, Seattle Genetics, Novartis, Lilly, Pfizer, Foundation Medicine, NanoString, Samsung, Celltrion, BMS, and MSD; honoraria for consultancy from Roche, Seattle Genetics, and NanoString; honoraria for participation in advisory boards from Roche, Lilly, Pfizer, Foundation Medicine, Samsung, Celltrion, and Mylan; honoraria for writing engagements from Novartis and BMS; and honoraria for participation in the Ellipsis Scientific Affairs Group. He has also received institutional research funding for conducting phase I and II clinical trials from Pfizer, Roche, Novartis, Sanofi, Celgene, Servier, Orion, AstraZeneca, Seattle Genetics, AbbVie, Tesaro, BMS, Merck Serono, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Janssen-Cilag, Philogen, Bayer, Medivation, and Medimmune. E.G-R. has received advisory fees, honoraria, travel accommodations/expenses, grants, and/or non-financial support from AstraZeneca, Exact Sciences, GSK, Illumina, MSD, Novartis, Roche, and Thermo Fisher Scientific; N.F. has received honoraria for consulting, advisory role, speaker bureau, travel, and/or research grants from Abbvie, Alira Health, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Epredia, Exact Sciences, Gilead, GSK, Leica Biosystems, Lilly, Menarini Group, Merck, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sakura, Sysmex, ThermoFisher, Veracyte. These companies had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and/or in the decision to publish the results. All other authors declare no potential conflicts of interest.