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Article History

Received: 28 August 2025

Accepted: 31 October 2025

First Online: 13 December 2025

Competing interests

: E. Zattarin reports honoraria from Eli Lilly and travel grants from Merck, all outside the submitted work. A. Marra reports personal fees from Menarini/Stemline, Roche, Lilly and AstraZeneca outside the submitted work and is supported by the ESMO José Baselga Fellowship for Clinician Scientists sponsored by AstraZeneca, outside the submitted work and declares no non-financial competing interests. A. Palazzo reports consulting fees/advisory role for Amgen, MSD, Novartis, travel and accommodation by Pfizer. G. Griguolo reports fees for advisory role from Gilead, Seagen, Menarini, personal fees as an invited speaker from Eli Lilly, Novartis, MSD, travel support Gilead, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Novartis, Daiichi Sankyo, AMGEN, AstraZeneca. C. Vernieri reports roles in advisory boards/consultancy for Novartis, Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Astra Zeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Menarini Stemline, Roche, Gilead; receiving honoraria as a speaker for Novartis, Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Astra Zeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Menarini Stemline, Istituto Gentili, Accademia Nazionale di Medicina; Research grants (to the Institution) from Roche, ERC, AIRC, AIRC 5x1000, Ministero della Salute, Giuliani Foundation. L. Pontolillo reports travel grants from Pifzer and Eli Lilly, all outside the submitted work. E. Barbieri reports travel grants from Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, MSD, AstraZeneca, Gilead, and Daiichi Sankyo, all outside the submitted work. L. Cortesi reports honoraria from AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Novartis, MSD, Gilead Sciences, Daiichi Sankyo Europe GmbH, Roche/Genentech; consulting or advisory role from Pfizer, Novartis, MSD; speakers’ bureau for AstraZeneca, MSD Oncology, Novartis, Gilead Sciences; receiving travel grants from AstraZeneca, Gilead Sciences, Daiichi Sankyo Europe GmbH. G. Curigliano reports consultancy for Roche, Seattle Genetics, NanoString; advisory board for Roche, Lilly, Pfizer, Foundation Medicine, Samsung, Celltrion, Mylan; speaker bureau for Roche, Seattle Genetics, Novartis, Lilly, Pfizer, Foundation Medicine, NanoString, Samsung, Celltrion, BMS, MSD; writing engagement for Novartis, BMS; participation in Ellipsis Scientific Affairs Group; institutional research funding for conducting phase I and II clinical trials from Pfizer, Roche, Novartis, Sanofi, Celgene, Servier, Orion, AstraZeneca, Seattle Genetics, AbbVie, Tesaro, BMS, Merck Serono, Merck Sharp Dome, Janssen-Cilag, Philogen, Bayer, Medivation, Medimmune. E. Bria reports grants or contracts from Astra-Zeneca, Roche and honoraria for lectures from Merck-Sharp & Dome, Astra-Zeneca, Pfizer, Eli-Lilly, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis, Takeda and Roche; member of Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board of Merck-Sharp & Dome, Pfizer, Novartis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Astra-Zeneca, Roche, Pierre-Farbre, Amgen and Celltrion. V. Guarneri reports personal fees for advisory board membership for AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Gilead, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Olema Oncology, Pierre Fabre, Roche, Menarini Stemline, personal fees as an invited speaker for AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Exact Sciences, Gilead, GSK, Novartis, Roche, Zentiva, Menarini Stemline, personal fees for expert testimony for Eli Lilly. M. Dominici reports stock and other ownership interests from Eir Biotherapies; consulting or advisory role from Eir Biotherapies; Several patents in cell and gene therapies, not related with the topics of the current manuscript. M. Lambertini reports advisory role for Roche, Lilly, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Seagen, Gilead, MSD, Pierre Fabre, Menarini, Exact Sciences and Nordic Pharma; receiving speaker honoraria from Roche, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Sandoz, Libbs, Daiichi Sankyo, Takeda, Ipsen, Menarini and AstraZeneca; receiving travel grants from Gilead, Roche, and Daiichi Sankyo; receiving research funding (to his institution) from Gilead; and having nonfinancial interests as a member of the national council of the Italian Association of Medical Oncology (AIOM). A.Toss reports honoraria from Lilly, Pfizer, Novartis, Gilead Sciences, Seagen, MSD Oncology, AstraZeneca; consulting or advisory role for Lilly, Novartis, MSD/AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo/AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Seagen; receiving travel grants from Daiichi Sankyo/AstraZeneca, Gilead Sciences. All other authors report no competing interests.