Document is current

Article History

Received: 29 August 2025

Accepted: 11 November 2025

First Online: 4 December 2025

Competing interests

: N.M.I. reports consulting from AstraZeneca, BD Biosciences, Daiichi Sankyo, Genentech, Gilead Sciences, Novartis, Pfizer, Seattle Genetics, Stemline Therapeutics, and TerSera Therapeutics; and research funding (to institution) from Novartis and SynDevRx. J.A.O. reports consulting for AbbVie, Agendia, Amgen Biotechnology, Aptitude Health, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Carrick Therapeutics, Eli Lilly, Genentech, Genzyme, Gilead Sciences, GSK, Immunomedics, Incyte Corporation, Merck, Novartis, Ontada, Pfizer, Pharmacyclics, Pierre Fabre Pharmaceuticals, Prime Oncology, Puma Biotechnology, Roche, Samsung Bioepis, Sanofi, Seagen, Stemline Therapeutics, Synthon, Theralink Technologies, and Veru; and honoraria from AbbVie, Agendia, Amgen Biotechnology, Aptitude Health, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Carrick Therapeutics, Eli Lilly, Genentech, Genzyme, Gilead Sciences, GSK, Immunomedics, Incyte Corporation, Merck, Novartis, Ontada, Pfizer, Pharmacyclics, Pierre Fabre Pharmaceuticals, Prime Oncology, Puma Biotechnology, Roche, Samsung Bioepis, Sanofi, Seagen, Stemline Therapeutics, Synthon, Theralink Technologies, and Veru. H.B.M. reports consulting from AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Genentech, Gilead Sciences, Novartis, Menarini, Pfizer, and Stemline Therapeutics. E.H. is an advisor and consultant (all payments to institution) for Arcus Biosciences, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Deciphera Pharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly, Ellipses Pharma, Genentech/Roche, Greenwich LifeSciences, iTeos Therapeutics, Janssen, Loxo Oncology, Mersana Therapeutics, Novartis, Olema Pharmaceuticals, Orum Therapeutics, Pfizer, Relay Therapeutics, Seagen, Stemline Therapeutics, and Verascity Science; and receives institutional research funding from AbbVie, Acerta Pharma, Accutar Biotechnology, ADC Therapeutics, AKESOBIO Australia, Amgen Biotechnology, Aravive Biologics, Artios Pharma, Arvinas, AstraZeneca, Atlas MedxAtlasMedx, BeiGene, Black Diamond, Bliss BioPharmaceuticals, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cascadian Therapeutics, Clovis Oncology, Compugen, Cullinan-Florentine, Curis, CytomX, Daiichi Sankyo, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Dantari, Deciphera, Duality Biologics, eFFECTOR Therapeutics, Eli Lilly, Ellipses Pharma, Elucida Oncology, EMD Serono, FujiFilm, G1 Therapeutics, Genentech/Roche, H3 Biomedicine, Harpoon Therapeutics, Hutchinson MediPharma, Immunogen, Immunomedics, Incyte Corporation, Infinity Pharmaceuticals, InventisBio, Jacobio Pharma, Karyopharm Therapeutics, K-Group Beta, Loxo Oncology, Lycera, Mabspace Biosciences, Macrogenics, MedImmune, Mersana Therapeutics, Merus, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Molecular Templates, Novartis, NuCanaNucana, Olema Oncology, OncoMed, Onconova Therapeutics, Oncothyreon, ORIC Pharmaceuticals, Orinove, Pfizer, PharmaMar, Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Pionyr Immunotherapeutics, Plexxikon, Radius Health, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Relay Therapeutics, Repertoire Immune Medicine, Rgenix, Seagen, Sermonix Pharmaceuticals, Shattuck Labs, StemCentRx, Sutro Biopharma, Syndax, Syros, Taiho Oncology, TapImmune, Tesaro, Tolmar, Torque Therapeutics, Treadwell Therapeutics, Verastem Oncology, Vincerx Pharma, Zenith Epigenetics, and Zymeworks. K.L.J. reports consulting fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Blueprint Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Genentech, Gilead Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Loxo Oncology, Novartis, Pfizer, Seattle Genetics, Sun Pharma Advanced Research Company, Synthon, and Taiho Oncology; and institutional research funding from ADC Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Clovis Oncology, Debio Pharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly, Genentech, Gilead Sciences, Immunomedics, Loxo Oncology, Merck, Novartis, Novita Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, Puma Biotechnology, and Zymeworks. C.X.M. reports grants from Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, AstraZeneca, Breast Cancer Research Foundation, Genentech, and National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute; personal fees (consulting) from AstraZeneca, Athenex, Bayer, Biovica, Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead Sciences, Natera, Novartis, Olaris, Pfizer, Stemline Therapeutics, and TerSera Therapeutics; research support from Pfizer and Puma Biotechnology; and grants (research support) from Susan G. Komen and the St. Louis Men’s Group Against Cancer. K.T. serves on the speaker’s bureau for AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead Sciences, Merck, and Stemline Therapeutics, and advisory boards for AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Merck, and Stemline Therapeutics. M.V. has no conflict of interest to declare. S.D. serves on the advisory boards for AstraZeneca and Stemline Therapeutics and reports consulting from AstraZeneca. H.S.R. reports grants from Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG/Genentech, Fionyr Immunotherapeutics, Gilead Sciences, GSK, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Sermonix Pharmaceuticals, Taiho Oncology, and Veru; and honoraria from Daiichi Sankyo, Mylan, Napo Pharmaceuticals, and Puma Biotechnology.