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Article History

Received: 1 August 2025

Accepted: 16 November 2025

First Online: 20 December 2025

Competing interests

: G.W.S., J.X., J.R.R., N.K., M.J.O., M.R., and D.S. are employees of Caris Life Sciences. N.T.U. reports consulting roles (AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP (USA and UK), Bayer AG, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Carna Biosciences, Inc., CytoDyn Inc., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Eisai Co., Ltd., Eli Lilly, Genentech, Inc., Genomic Health, Inc., Gilead Sciences, Inc., Lavender Health, OncoCyte Corporation, Pear Bio, Peptilogics, Inc., Pfizer Inc., Phoenix Molecular Designs, Preferred Medicine, Carisma Therapeutics, Inc., Sysmex Corporation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited (Japan), and Unitech Medical, Inc.); stock ownership (Pear Bio and Phoenix Molecular Designs); speaker or preceptorship roles (AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Chugai Roche, Inc., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Pfizer Inc., Total Health Conferencing, and Eli Lilly); and research agreements (AnHeart Therapeutics Inc., Eisai Co., Ltd., Gilead Sciences, Inc., Phoenix Molecular Designs, Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Puma Biotechnology, Inc., Merck & Co., Oncolys BioPharma Inc., OBI Pharma Inc., ChemDiv, Inc., Tolero Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and VITRAC Therapeutics, LLC). J.L. reports scientific advisory role (Astrion Inc.) and sponsor research agreements (Eisai Co., Ltd., OBI Pharma Inc., Duality Biologics, Jazz Pharmaceutical, and CytoDyn Inc.). D.R.R. reports no conflicts of interest. RLM reports consulting/advisory roles (Agendia, Arvinas, AstraZeneca, Daiichi, Genentech, Gilead, Hologic, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Puma, Stemline) and research funding (Gilead, paid to institution). FM reports consulting roles (AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Becton Dickinson, Biocartis NV, Calibr (a division of Scripps Research), Daiichi Sankyo, Dava Oncology, Debiopharm, EcoR1 Capital, eFFECTOR Therapeutics, Elevation Oncology, Exelixis, GT Aperion, Incyte, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, LigaChem Biosciences, Menarini Group, Molecular Templates, Protai Bio, Ribometrix, SystImmune, Tempus, Vir Biotechnology, Zymeworks); advisory committee roles (Cybrexa Therapeutics, go Therapeutics, Guardant Health, Illumen Therapeutics, Kivu Biosciences, LOXO-Oncology, Mersana Therapeutics, Seagen, Theratechnologies, Zentalis Pharmaceuticals); sponsored research (to institution: Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Zymeworks, Aileron Therapeutics, Inc. AstraZeneca, Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceutical, Calithera Biosciences Inc., Curis Inc., CytomX Therapeutics Inc., Daiichi Sankyo Co. Ltd., Debiopharm International, eFFECTOR Therapeutics, Genentech Inc., Guardant Health Inc., Klus Pharma, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Novartis, Puma Biotechnology Inc., Taiho Pharmaceutical Co.); honoraria (Dava Oncology); and other (travel: Cholangiocarcinoma Foundation, Dava Oncology). ACSL reports consulting/advisory roles (AstraZeneca, Stemline, Delphie, Lilly); associated research funding to institution (AstraZeneca, Merck, Pfizer, Genentech); and grants to institution (Gilead).