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Article History

Received: 18 August 2025

Accepted: 16 February 2026

First Online: 27 February 2026

Competing interests

: S.S. reports serving as a consultant for and/or on the advisory boards of AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead Sciences, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Incyclix, Sermonix, and Seagen; and research funding from Alterome, Daiichi Sankyo, Iambic, Stemline/Menarini, Pfizer, Seagen, Sermonix, and Relay Therapeutics. N.U.L. declares institutional research support from Genentech, Pfizer, Merck, Seattle Genetics, Zion Pharmaceuticals, Olema Pharmaceuticals, and AstraZeneca; consulting honoraria from Seattle Genetics, Daiichi-Sankyo, AstraZeneca, Olema Pharmaceuticals, Stemline/Menarini, Artera Inc., Eisai, Shorla Oncology, Pfizer, and Denali Therapeutics; royalties from UptoDate (book); and travel support from Olema, AstraZeneca, and DSI. A.G.W. declares research funding to the institution from Gilead, Genentech, Macrogenics, and Merck; serving on the steering committee of AMBRX; and serving as a consultant and paid speaker for AstraZeneca. A.G.-C. declares research funding to institution from Gilead Sciences, AstraZeneca, Daiichi- Sankyo, Merck, Zenith Epigenetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis, Biovica, Foundation Medicine, 4D Path, Precede Biosciences, and Bicycle Therapeutics; scientific advisory board service/consulting for AstraZeneca, Daiichi-Sankyo, Novartis, Pfizer, and Gilead Sciences; serving as a speaker for/honoraria from AstraZeneca, Daiichi-Sankyo, Gilead Sciences, and Roche/Genentech; and travel/other support from Roche/Genentech, Gilead Sciences, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Novartis, and Merck. E.A.M. reports compensated service on scientific advisory boards for AstraZeneca, BioNTech, Merck and Moderna; uncompensated service on steering committees for Bristol Myers Squibb and Roche/Genentech; speakers honoraria and travel support from Merck Sharp & Dohme; and institutional research support from Roche/Genentech (via SU2C grant) and Gilead. E.A.M. also reports research funding from Susan Komen for the Cure for which she serves as a Scientific Advisor, and uncompensated participation as a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology Board of Directors. S.M.T. reports consulting or advisory roles for Novartis, Pfizer/Seagen, Merck, Eli Lilly, AstraZeneca, Genentech/Roche, Eisai, Bristol Myers Squibb/Systimmune, Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead, Blueprint Medicines, Reveal Genomics, Sumitovant Biopharma, Artios Pharma, Menarini/Stemline, Aadi Bio, Bayer, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Natera, Tango Therapeutics, eFFECTOR, Hengrui USA, Cullinan Oncology, Circle Pharma, Arvinas, BioNTech, Launch Therapeutics, Zuellig Pharma, Johnson&Johnson/Ambrx, Bicycle Therapeutics, BeiGene Therapeutics, Mersana, Summit Therapeutics, Avenzo Therapeutics, Aktis Oncology, Celcuity, Boehringer Ingelheim, Samsung Bioepis, Olema Pharmaceuticals, Tempus, Boundless Bio, and Denali Therapeutics; research funding from Genentech/Roche, Merck, Exelixis, Pfizer, Lilly, Novartis, Bristol Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, NanoString Technologies, Gilead, Seagen, OncoPep, Daiichi Sankyo, Menarini/Stemline, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, and Olema Pharmaceuticals; and travel support from Lilly, Gilead, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, Arvinas, and Roche. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest.