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Article History

Received: 3 December 2025

Accepted: 31 March 2026

First Online: 27 April 2026

Competing interests

: J.O.S. received consultation fees from AADI Bioscience, Agendia, Amgen Biotechnology, Aptitude Health, AstraZeneca, BioNTech, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Duality, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Ellipses, Exact Sciences, G1 Therapeutics, Genentech, Gilead Sciences, Guardant Health, Hibercell, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, J&J, Menarini-Stemline, Merck, Mersana, Natera, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre Pharmaceuticals, Puma Biotechnology, RayzeBio, Roche, Sanofi, Seagen, Stemline Therapeutics, Summitt Therapeutics, Tempus, and TerSera Therapeutics. F.C.B. reports Research Funding from GE Healthcare, Menarini Silicon Biosystems, Merck KGaA, MSD, Novartis, Personalis, Pfizer, Prolynx, Roche, and Tempus. Advisory Boards: AstraZeneca, Carrick, Daiichi-Sankyo, Foresight Dx, Hengrui, Inatherys, Lilly, Menarini Silicon Biosystems, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, SAGA Dx, Tempus. Speaker: AstraZeneca, Daiichi-Sankyo, Lilly, Novartis, Roche. Travel support (congresses): AstraZeneca, Daiichi-Sankyo, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche. He is a Steering committee member for the EMBER-3 trial. P.N. has received grants paid to institution from Kom op Tegen Kanker and Think Pink. He has received consultation fees paid to the institution from Pfizer, Novartis, Eli Lilly, Roche, AstraZeneca, and Gilead. He has participated in advisory boards paid to the institution: Pfizer, Novartis, Eli Lilly, Roche, and Bayer. P.A. reports consulting with Roche, Novartis, Deloitte, Daichi Sanjyo, Olema, and AstraZeneca. Honoraria from Amgen, Novartis, Gilead, Eli Lilly, and Menarini, Travel grants from Amgen, MSD, Pfizer, Roche, Daiichi Sankyo, and Menarini. Research funding to institution from Roche. C.S. reports the following personal financial interests: served as consultant, participated in advisory boards or received travel grants from: Academy of medical sciences (SCBO), AstraZeneca, Aventik Medical SLU, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-MyersSquibb, Byondis B.V., Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Exact Sciences, Exeter Pharma, F.Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Genentech, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Innohup, Lilly, Macrogenics, Menarini, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Merus, Millenium, Novartis, PeerVoice, Pfizer, Pharmalex, Philips, Pierre Fabre, PintPharma, Puma Biotechnology, Sanofy-Aventis, SeaGen and Zymeworks. Institutional financial interests: Paid directly to the Institution, in form of financial support for clinical trials or contracted research for Amgen Inc, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BeiGene, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-MyersSquibb, Cytomx therapeutics, Daiichi Sankyo, Debiopharm International SA, F. Hoffmann-la Roche, Genentech, Glaxosmithkline, Janssen-Cilag SA, Innoup Farma, Lilly, Macrogenics, Medica Scientia Innovation, Menarini, Merck Health KGAA, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Merus, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Mirati, Novartis, Pfizer, Pharma Mar, Puma biotechnology, Sanofi-Aventis, Seattle Genetics, Servier, Taiho Pharma USA Inc, Spanish Association Against Cancer Scientific Foundation and Cancer Research UK. She reports the following non-financial interests: Member of ESMO, ASCO, EACR, SEOM, GEICAM, and SOLTI Board of Directors (elected member). N.H. discloses honoraria for lectures and/or consulting from AstraZeneca, Daiichi-Sankyo, Exact Sciences, Gilead, IQVIA, Lilly, Menarini-Stemline, MSD, Novartis, Pierre-Fabre, Pfizer, Roche, Sandoz, Viatris, and Zuelligpharma. She is also the Co-Director West German Study Group (WSG). G.C. is on the Advisory Board for Pfizer, Lilly, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Daichii Sankyo, Gilead, Exaxt Science, Merck, and BMS. He is ESMO President Elect. J.A.G. reports consultative and advisory services for Seagen, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Novartis, Gilead, Menarini, and Jazz Pharmaceuticals. Consultancy/speaker fees from Celgene, Eli Lilly, EISAI, MSD, Exact Sciences, Tecnofarma, Nolver (Adium), Asofarma, Roche. and Travel support from Gilead, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo. M.F.A. is on the advisory board for MSD, Eli Lilly, Novartis, AstraZeneca, and Daiichi. She also provides expert opinion with Eli Lilly, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Daiichi, Eisai, and Dr Reddy's. M.M. is employee at Eli Lilly and Company and owns stock in the company. Her immediate family member receives honoraria from MSD, Johnson and Johnson, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Accord, Immedica, and pharmacosmos. Her immediate family member reports a consulting or advisory role at Johnson and Johnson, MSD, Accord, AstraZeneca, Pharmacosmos, and Eli Lilly. Her immediate family member reports research funding from Roche and AstraZeneca. E.B., S.C., and A.C. are employees of Eli Lilly and Company and own stock at Eli Lilly. K.J. has the following disclosures: Consultant/advisory board role (personal fees): Novartis, Pfizer, Genentech, Eisai, AstraZeneca, Blueprint Medicines, Daiichi Sankyo, Menarini/Stemline, Gilead, Scorpion Therapeutics, Bicycle Therapeutics, Olema Pharmaceuticals, Lilly/Loxo Oncology, Merck Pharmaceuticals, Zymeworks, Halda Therapeutics, Arivinas and Rayzebio. Research Funding support to the Institution (Other): Novartis, Genentech, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Lilly/Loxo Oncology, Zymeworks, Gilead, PUMA Biotechnology, Merck Pharmaceuticals, Scorpion Therapeutics, Rayzebio, Eisai, Bicycle Therapeutics, Bridge Bio Oncology Therapeutics, and Blueprint Medicines. M.L.C., L.A.C., L.D.P., Y.H.P., and O.O. report no competing interests.