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Article History

Received: 6 January 2026

Accepted: 26 April 2026

First Online: 9 May 2026

Ethics

Competing interests: M.T. declares no competing financial interests. H.K. has received research funding to his institution from Pfizer KK and Amgen KK, consulting fees from EPS Corporation, honoraria from Novartis KK, and collaborative research funding to his institution from the National Clinical Database, Johnson & Johnson K.K., Nipro Corporation, and Intuitive Surgical Sàrl. N.K. is affiliated with the Department of Healthcare Quality Assessment at the University of Tokyo, a social collaboration department supported by the National Clinical Database, Johnson & Johnson K.K., Nipro Corporation, and Intuitive Surgical Sàrl. T.H. declares no competing financial interests. Y.S. has received honoraria for lectures or presentations from Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Chugai, MSD, Nippon Kayaku, Kyowa Kirin, Sysmex, and Celltrion Healthcare Japan. T.I. declares no competing financial interests. M.M. has received honoraria for lectures or presentations from Chugai, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, MSD, Taiho, Daiichi Sankyo, and Eisai. T.I. (Takanori Ishida) declares no competing financial interests. N.T. declares no competing financial interests. S.S. has received institutional grants and/or contracted clinical trial support from Taiho, Eisai, Chugai, Takeda, MSD, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead, Eli Lilly, and Sanofi; has received honoraria from Chugai, Kyowa Kirin, MSD, Novartis, Eisai, Takeda, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Taiho, Ono, Nippon Kayaku, Gilead, and Exact Sciences; and has served on advisory boards for Chugai/Roche, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Kyowa Kirin, Daiichi Sankyo, and MSD. N.N. has received institutional research funding from Chugai, Pfizer, Eisai, Mochida, Daiichi Sankyo, and Novartis, and honoraria from Chugai, Eli Lilly, MSD, Daiichi Sankyo, AstraZeneca, and Pfizer.