Jiang, Xinyu
Sun, Haofan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2163-4160
Choudhary, Kamal https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9737-8074
Zhuang, Houlong https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7276-7938
Nian, Qiong
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation (CMMI-1826439)
National Science Foundation (CMMI-1825739)
National Science Foundation (CMMI-1825739)
National Science Foundation (CMMI-1826439)
National Science Foundation (CMMI-1825739)
National Science Foundation (CMMI-1826439)
National Science Foundation (CMMI-1825739)
Article History
Received: 24 July 2023
Accepted: 11 November 2024
First Online: 24 October 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing financial interests. K.C. is an associate editor for npj computational materials and was not involved in the editorial review or the decision to publish this article.