Yu, Dongfang
Griesemer, Sean
Liu, Tzu-chen
Wolverton, Chris
Zhu, Yizhou
Funding for this research was provided by:
Westlake University
Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-18-1-0136, FA9550-18-1-0136)
Northwestern University
Toyota Research Institute, North America
Article History
Received: 28 July 2025
Accepted: 12 October 2025
First Online: 21 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.