Ye, Caiyuan
Wang, Yuzhi
Xie, Xintian
Zhu, Tiannian
Liu, Jiaxuan
He, Yuqing
Zhang, Lili
Zhang, Junwei
Fang, Zhong
Wang, Lei
Liu, Zhipan
Weng, Hongming
Wu, Quansheng
Funding for this research was provided by:
Science Center of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12188101)
Science Center of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12188101)
Science Center of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12188101)
Science Center of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12188101)
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFA1403800)
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFA1607400)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (11921004)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (12274436)
New Cornerstone Science Foundation (XPLORER PRIZE)
The AI-driven experiments, simulations and model training were performed on the robotic AI-Scientist platform of Chinese Academy of Science
Article History
Received: 2 June 2025
Accepted: 11 December 2025
First Online: 26 December 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.