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Authors
Qian, Chen
Vitartas, Valdas
Kermode, James R.
Maurer, Reinhard J.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/S022848/1)
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/X014088/1)
UK Research and Innovation (MR/X023109/1)
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Article History
Received: 24 October 2025
Accepted: 13 February 2026
First Online: 11 March 2026
Competing interests
: Reinhard J. Maurer is an Associate Editor of npj Computational Materials. Reinhard J. Maurer was not involved in the journal’s review of, or decisions related to, this manuscript. The other authors do not have a competing interest.
