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Article History

Received: 3 May 2024

Accepted: 28 February 2025

First Online: 17 March 2025

Competing interests

: F.H. has received products/financial compensation from Pathonostics, OLM Diagnostics, Altona Diagnostics, EWC Diagnostics, CHROMagar, and IMMY in the context of product validation (and has published or will publish about the outcome of these studies). C.L. has received financial support from Pfizer for educational purposes. L.B. has regular interaction with pharmaceutical and other industrial partners. L.B. has not received personal fees or other personal benefits, but UMCU has received significant funding (>€100,000 per industrial partner) for investigator-initiated studies from AstraZeneca, Sanofi, Janssen, Pfizer, MSD, and MeMed Diagnostics, as well as major funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and through public-private partnerships such as the IMI-funded RESCEU and PROMISE projects, involving partners GSK, Novavax, Janssen, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, and Sanofi, along with substantial funding from Julius Clinical for participation in clinical studies sponsored by AstraZeneca, Merck, and Pfizer, and minor funding (€1,000-25,000 per industrial partner) for consultation, DSMB membership, or invited lectures by Ablynx, Bavaria Nordic, GSK, Novavax, Pfizer, Moderna, AstraZeneca, MSD, Sanofi, and Janssen. L.B. is the founding chairman of the ReSViNET Foundation. J.d.R. is cofounder and CTO of Cyclomics, a genomics company. L.R., L.C., M.J., N.B., C.V., T.v.d.B. and T.W. declare no competing interests.