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Article History

Received: 14 May 2025

Accepted: 19 November 2025

First Online: 6 December 2025

Competing interests

: Yoshito Koyanagi received research grants from the Japanese Retinitis Pigmentosa Society (JRPS), the Takayanagi Retina Research Award, and the Nasu Foundation. Satoshi Yokota received research grants (to Kobe City Eye Hospital) from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED; JP21bk0104118h0001), Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and Vision Care Inc. Yuji Inoue received lecture fees from Novartis Pharmaceuticals. Takaaki Hayashi received a grant from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (KAKENHI Grant No. 24K12771). Yasuhiko Hirami received grants (to Kobe City Eye Hospital) from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED; JP21bk0104118h0001), Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and Vision Care Inc. Masato Akiyama received grants from Novartis Pharma K.K. (for glaucoma research), Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (for ocular tumor research), and Alcon (for ocular tumor research). He reported consulting fees for genetic testing for IRD from Sysmex. Furthermore, honoraria for lectures were received from Novartis Pharma K.K., Takeda Pharma Ltd., Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Chugai Pharmaceutical Corporation, Kowa Co. Ltd., Chugai Pharmaceutical, Bayer Yakuhin, and Santen Pharmaceutical Corporation. He received support for attending meetings and travel from WAKAMOTO PHARMACEUTICAL CO. LTD., Novartis Pharma K.K. and Chugai Pharmaceutical. He is an endowed faculty member supported by NIDEK Co. Ltd. Koh-Hei Sonoda received grants (to his department) from Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., HOYA Co., Ltd., WAKAMOTO Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., AMO Japan K.K., Kowa Company, Ltd., Alcon Japan Ltd, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Eisai Co., Ltd., Senju Pharmaceutical Corporation, and Sand Corporation. He received consulting fees from Santen Pharmaceutical Corporation, Senju Pharmaceutical Corporation, Japan Tobacco Inc., Chugai Pharmaceutical Corporation, Sand Corporation, and Riverfield Corporation. He received payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speaker bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from AMO Japan K.K., Novartis Pharma K.K., WAKAMOTO Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., NIDEK CO., LTD., Canon Marketing Japan Inc., TOPCON CO., LTD., Senju Pharmaceutical Corporation, Santen Pharmaceutical Corporation, Chugai Pharmaceutical Corporation, Bayer Corporation, Alcon Japan Ltd, Eisai Corporation, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Corporation, Ono Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Canon Marketing Japan, Viatoris Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, and Celltrion Healthcare Japan K.K. Koji M. Nishiguchi received funding from JCR Pharma Ltd for EYS gene therapy research, paid to his institution. He is a co-inventor of a pending patent (application number: 2022-030349) filed by National University Corporation Tokai National Higher Education and Research. The patent application, which is currently pending, pertains to gene therapy for the S1653Kfs mutation, an aspect discussed in the manuscript. Yasuhiro Ikeda received a grant from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (JP23ek0109632). Yusuke Murakami, Taro Kominami, Masatoshi Fukushima, Kensuke Goto, Kei Mizobuchi, Go Mawatari, Kaoruko Torii, Junya Ota, Daishi Okuda, Kohta Fujiwara, Hanayo Yamaga, Takahiro Hisai, Mikiko Endo, Hanae Iijima, Tomoko Kaida, Kazunori Miyata, Shuji Nakazaki, Chikashi Terao, and Yukihide Momozawa declare no competing interests.