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Article History

Received: 15 August 2025

Accepted: 25 March 2026

First Online: 10 April 2026

Competing interests

: C.P. is a current employee of 10x Genomics Inc. S.C., K.S., T.O., T.H., V.J. are employees of Illumina Inc. M.J. is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of Lightcast Discovery Ltd. G.G. receives research funds from IBM, Pharmacyclics/AbbVie, Bayer, Genentech, Calico, Ultima Genomics, Inocras, Google, Kite, and Novartis, and is also an inventor on patent applications filed by the Broad Institute related to MSMuTect, MSMutSig, POLYSOLVER, SignatureAnalyzer-GPU, MSEye, MinimuMM-seq, and DLBclass. He is a founder, consultant, and holds privately held equity in Scorpion Therapeutics; he is also a founder of, and holds privately held equity in, Predicta Biosciences. He was also a consultant to Merck. K.J.L. holds equity in Standard BioTools Inc. and is on the scientific advisory board for MBQ Pharma Inc. C.J.W. holds equity in BioNTech, receives research funding from Pharmacyclics, and serves on the advisory boards of Repertoire Immune Medicines, Aethon Therapeutics, Nature’s Toolbox, and Adventris. P.A.O. has received research funding from and/or has advised Agenus, Arcturus, Amgen, Armo BioSciences, Array, AstraZeneca/MedImmune, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Celldex, CytomX, Evaxion, Immunetune, Imunon, LGChem, Merck, Neon Therapeutics (now BioNTechUS), Novartis, Pharmajet, Phio, Pfizer, Oncorus, Roche/Genentech, Servier, Xencor. N.L. has received personal fees from Illumina Inc and is a scientific advisory board member for FYR Diagnostics and Everygene.