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Authors
Bailey, Damian M.
Blottner, Dieter
Gunga, Hanns-Christian
Schneider, Stefan
Wotring, Virginia
Baatout, Sarah
Durante, Marco
Olde Engberink, Rik H. G.
Goswami, Nandu
Heer, Martina
Liphardt, Anna-Maria
Monici, Monica
Pagnini, Francesco
Stern, Claudia
Stukenborg, Jan-Bernd
Weber, Tobias
Vico, Laurence
White, Olivier
van Ombergen, Angelique
Choukér, Alexander
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
European Space Agency (ESA-HRE-RS-LE-0504)
European Space Agency (CO-90-11-2801-04/PEA 4000140806)
European Space Agency (4000102355)
European Space Agency (4000130928/20/NL/PG/pt/ESA-AO-2019-ISS-SDM, ESA-AO-2019-!SS-PP)
European Space Agency (4000133329/20/NL/CLR)
SpaceX (N/A)
Royal Society (WM170007)
German Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Action (#50WB2329)
German Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Action (#50WB2214 and #50WB2020)
German Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Action (50WB2137)
German Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Action ((#50WB2021)
German Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Action ((#50WB2222)
German Federal Department of Education (50WB2029)
German Aerospace Agency (2329)
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (A.N. 2023-63-HH.0/A.N. 2025-14-HH.0)
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (DC-VUM-2020-007/DC-DSR-UVS-2022-212/A.N. 2025-14-HH.0)
Centre National d'Études Spatiales (DAR/OAR/TSR-2023.0003353)
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Article History
Received: 18 September 2024
Accepted: 2 October 2025
First Online: 20 November 2025
Competing interests
: D.M.B. is Editor-in-Chief of Experimental Physiology and outgoing Chair of the Life Sciences Working Group and outgoing member of the Human Spaceflight and Exploration Science Advisory Committee to ESA. D.M.B. is a current member of the ESA-HRE-Biology Panel and Space Exploration Advisory Committees to the UK and Swedish National Space Agencies, and consultant to Bexorg, Inc. (USA) focused on the technological development of novel biomarkers of cerebral bioenergetic function in humans. A.V.O. is ESA’s Chief Exploration Scientist, Directorate of Human and Robotic Exploration to ESA and Associate Editor of NPJ Microgravity. A.C. is Associate Editor of NPJ Microgravity, outgoing Chair of the Life and Physical Sciences Panel of the European Space Science Committee (ESSC) at the European Science Foundation (ESF), and Chair of the German Space Agency (DLR) Advisory Board ‘Research and Exploration’, and consultant to ESA. D.B. is Associate Editor of Frontiers in Physiology, Environmental, Aviation and Space Physiology, and Life Sciences in Space Research. C.S. is consultant to ESA and a member of the International Space Station SANS sub-working group. M.H. is consultant to ESA. M.M. is a consultant to ESA-FST for the development of the 3D bioprinter and 3D cell cultures system integrated research facility for the ISS.
