Cui, Dongyue
Xu, Zhiwen
Zhang, Jingyu
Guo, Zhenli
Zhang, Peng
Zeng, Chang
Li, Shuhong
Liu, Yunlong
Wang, Wenjun
Qiu, Hailin
Zheng, Chao
Huang, Wei
Chen, Runfeng
Funding for this research was provided by:
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22275097, 62374093 and 62288102)
Article History
Received: 23 December 2025
Accepted: 9 March 2026
First Online: 31 March 2026
Competing interests
: Author W.H. is Editor-in-Chief of npj Flexible Electronics. W.H. was not involved in the journal’s review of, or decisions related to, this manuscript. The authors declare no competing financial interests and no patents have been applicated.