Jin, Tao
Wang, Zhenzhou
Yi, Sicheng
Lin, Yangqiao
Li, Long
Tian, Yingzhong
Qi, Peng
Yeow, Raye Chen-hua
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFB4705200)
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFB4705200)
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFB4705200)
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFB4705200)
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFB4705200)
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFB4705200)
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFB4705200)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (62303291, 62473244, 62273222, and 12202256)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (62303291, 62473244, 62273222, and 12202256)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (62303291, 62473244, 62273222, and 12202256)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (62303291, 62473244, 62273222, and 12202256)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (62303291, 62473244, 62273222, and 12202256)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (62303291, 62473244, 62273222, and 12202256)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (62303291, 62473244, 62273222, and 12202256)
Foundation of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (24511103800, and 24TS1402300)
Foundation of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (24511103800, and 24TS1402300)
Foundation of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (24511103800, and 24TS1402300)
Foundation of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (24511103800, and 24TS1402300)
Foundation of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (24511103800, and 24TS1402300)
Foundation of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (24511103800, and 24TS1402300)
Foundation of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (24511103800, and 24TS1402300)
Shanghai Pujiang Program (24PJD031)
Shanghai Pujiang Program (24PJD031)
Shanghai Pujiang Program (24PJD031)
Shanghai Pujiang Program (24PJD031)
Shanghai Pujiang Program (24PJD031)
Shanghai Pujiang Program (24PJD031)
Singapore National Robotics Programme - Robotics Enabling Capability Technology (W2025D0243)
Article History
Received: 9 December 2025
Accepted: 13 April 2026
First Online: 27 April 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.