Cong, Tao
Shang, Xueliang
Zhang, Ruiqi
Wang, Xuemin
Funding for this research was provided by:
Financial support from the Development Project of China Railway (N2022J017)
Fund of China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited (No. 2022YJ161)
2024 Anhui Province Manufacturing Industry Talent Recruitment and Innovation Initiative (JB24075)
Article History
Received: 6 June 2025
Accepted: 30 December 2025
First Online: 10 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.