Li, Zhong
Chen, Yuzhou
Zhang, Xiaohu
Li, Xiaolong
Yang, Junxiang
Liu, Zhiyong
ma, Hongchi
Guo, Daiwei
Li, Yong
Cai, Jiaxing
Fan, Yi
Li, Xiaogang
Yang, Jike
Funding for this research was provided by:
HDH Cooperation Foundation of Southwest Research Institute of Technology and Engineering (HDHDW59A010301)
Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China (No. CSTB2024NSCQ-MSX0976)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 52401074)
Article History
Received: 26 September 2025
Accepted: 7 January 2026
First Online: 29 January 2026
Competing interests
: Author Xiaogang Li is EIC of npj Materials Degradation . Xiaogang Li was not involved in the journal’s review of, or decisions related to, this manuscript”.