Chen, Wenzheng
Liu, Li
Cui, Yu
Liu, Rui
Ke, Peiling
Wang, Fuhui
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (U22A20111)
Opening Project of Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials (2024k06)
Article History
Received: 3 December 2025
Accepted: 9 January 2026
First Online: 17 January 2026
Competing interests
: Professor Fuhui Wang is Associate Editor of npj Materials Degradation, but was not involved in the journal’s review of, or decisions related to, this manuscript. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.