Li, Qiqi
Gazenbiller, Eugen
Jarren, Lukas Cäsar
Zheludkevich, Mikhail L.
Höche, Daniel
Funding for this research was provided by:
China Scholarship Council
Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie
Article History
Received: 17 November 2025
Accepted: 2 March 2026
First Online: 20 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Author Mikhail L. Zheludkevich is Associate Editor of npj materials degradation. Mikhail L. Zheludkevich was not involved in the journal’s review of, or decisions related to, this manuscript.