Cui, Yu
Liu, Rui
Liu, Jun
Du, Shuangyu
Wang, Wenquan
Jin, Guo
Ke, Peiling
Wang, Fuhui
Liu, Li
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (U22A20111)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (U24A2030)
Opening Project of Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials (2024K06)
Article History
Received: 15 January 2026
Accepted: 8 March 2026
First Online: 30 March 2026
Competing interests
: Professor Fuhui Wang is Associate Editor of npj Materials Degradation, but was not involved in the journal’s review of, or decisions related to, this manuscript. The remaining authors declare no competing financial or non-financial interests. The other authors do not have competing interests.