Wang, Xinyu
Zhang, Chenyu
Xue, Hui
Cheng, Xuequn
Liu, Chao
Li, Xiaogang
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52522409)
National Science and Technology Resources Investigation Program of China (52522409)
Article History
Received: 10 April 2026
Accepted: 29 May 2026
First Online: 5 June 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing financial or non-financial interests. X.L. is EIC of npj Materials Degradation. X.L. was not involved in the journal’s review of, or decisions related to, this manuscript.