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Article History

Received: 27 December 2021

Accepted: 10 June 2022

First Online: 7 July 2022

Change Date: 25 August 2025

Change Type: Update

Change Details: The Data Availability statement was missing some details about the dataset and should have read “The datasets generated during the current study are available in the NCBI repository (

Change Details: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Change Details: ) and Sequence Read Archive database under the accession numbers PRJNA742875 and PRJNA743718, respectively. PRJNA742875 contains 16S rRNA gene sequencing data from 356 samples, including 172 stool samples (88 PD and 84 HC), 143 oral samples (74 PD, 69 HC), and 41 nasal samples. PRJNA743718 contains shotgun metagenomic sequencing data from 156 stool samples, reflecting the dataset after quality control filtering. The associated metadata include group identifiers in the “host_status” column, indicating whether each sample is from a Parkinson’s Disease (PD) patient or a healthy control (HC)". The article has been corrected.

Competing interests

: W.K., M.C., and J.H.L. declare no competing non-financial interests, but the following competing financial interests: they are employed by CJ Bioscience, Inc., the developer of the EzBioCloud services. S.J., Y.S.H., S.H.L., K.W.P., M.S.K., H.L., H.J.Y., Y.K.P., H.S., J-Y.L., J-W.B., and S.J.C. declared no competing financial and non-financial interests.