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Article History

Received: 14 September 2022

Accepted: 26 January 2023

First Online: 28 February 2023

Competing interests

: Following authors declare no competing non-financial interests but the following competing financial interests: Kalpana M. Merchant, PhD, has consulted for AcureX, Caraway, Nitrase, Nura Bio, Retromer Therapeutics, Sinopia Biosciences, Vanqua, Vida Ventures and the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research. She has received research funding from the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research. Tanya Simuni, MD1, has served as a consultant for Acadia, Abbvie, Adamas, Anavex, Aptinyx, Allergan, Accorda, Denali, Neuroderm, Neurocrine, Revance, Sanofi, Sunovion, TEVA, Takeda, Voyager, US World Meds, Parkinson’s Foundation, and the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research; Dr. Simuni has served as a speaker and received an honorarium from Acadia, Adamas, and TEVA; Dr Simuni is on the Scientific advisory board for Neuroderm, Sanofi, and MJFF. Dr. Simuni has received research funding from the NINDS, Parkinson’s Foundation, MJFF, Biogen, Roche, Neuroderm, Sanofi, Sun Pharma. Kelly Nudelman, PhD3, receives funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Michael J. Fox Foundation, the National Collegiate Athletic Association, the US Department of Defense, and the Indiana State Department of Health. Frank Hsieh, PhD4 and Ms. Tengstrand4 are employed by Nextcea, Inc., which holds patent rights to the di-22:6-BMP and 2,2’-di-22:6-BMP biomarkers for neurological diseases involving lysosomal dysfunction (US 8,313,949, Japan 5,702,363, and Europe EP2419742). Roy N. Alcalay MS, MD5, is funded by the NIH, the Parkinson’s Foundation, and the Michael J. Fox Foundation. He received consultation fees from Avrobio, Caraway, GSK, Merck, Ono Therapeutics Takeda and Sanofi. Christopher S. Coffey, PhD, receives funding from NINDS, NHLBI, and the Michael J. Fox Foundation. He is also a paid consulting to MJFF. Lana M. Chahine, MD6, receives research support from the Michael J Fox Foundation (MJFF), has received travel payment from MJFF to MJFF conferences, is a paid consultant to MJFF, receives research support for a clinical trial sponsored by Voyager Therapeutics, receives research support for a clinical trial sponsored by Biogen, received travel payments from Voyager Therapeutics to Investigator meeting, and receives royalties from Wolters Kluwel (for book authorship). Tatiana Foroud, PhD, receives funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), The Michael J. Fox Foundation, the US Department of Defense. Dr. Foroud has received funding from The Michael J. Fox Foundation, the NIH, San Diego State University, The University of Texas at Austin, and Waggoner Center for Alcohol/Addiction Research. Andrew Siderowf, MD9, has been a consultant to the following companies in the past year: Biogen, Merck, Denali, Wave Life Sciences and Prilenia Therapeutics. He has received grant funding from the Michael J. Fox Foundation and NINDS. Samantha Hutten, PhD10, is employed by The Michael J. Fox Foundation. Todd Sherer, PhD10, is employed by The Michael J. Fox Foundation. Brit Mollenhauer, MD11, is employed by Parcacelsus Kliniken Germany and the University medical center Goettingen; BM has received independent research grants from TEVA-Pharma, Desitin, Boehringer Ingelheim, GE Healthcare and honoraria for consultancy from Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Roche, AbbVie, TEVA-Pharma, Biogen and for presentations from GlaxoSmithKline, Orion Pharma, TEVA-Pharma and travel costs from TEVA-Pharma. B.M. is member of the executive steering committee of the Parkinson Progression Marker Initiative and the Systemic Synuclein Sampling Study of the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research and has received grants from the BMBF, EU, Parkinson Fonds Deutschland, Deutsche Parkinson Vereinigung, Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research, Stifterverband fürdie deutsche Wissenschaft, and has scientific collaborations with Roche, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Covance and Biogen. Caroline M. Tanner, MD, PhD12, is an employee of the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the University of California—San Francisco. She receives grants from the Michael J. Fox Foundation, the Parkinson’s Foundation, the Department of Defense, BioElectron, Roche/Genentech, Biogen Idec and the National Institutes of Health, compensation for serving on Data Monitoring Committees from Biotie Therapeutics, Voyager Therapeutics and Intec Pharma and personal fees for consulting from Neurocrine Biosciences, Adamas Therapeutics, Biogen, Idec, 23andMe, Alexza, Gray Matter and CNS Ratings. Kenneth Marek13, is a consultant for Michael J Fox Foundation (MJFF), GE Healthcare, Biogen, Prothena, Roche, Neuropore, US Worldmeds, Proclara, Oxford Biomedica, Prevail, UCB, Neuraly, Lysosomal Therapetic, Inc, Neuroderm, Denali, Takeda. He receives research support from DOD, MJFF and is the Principal Investigator for Parkinson Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI). He has Ownership in Invicro, LLC. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.