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Article History

Received: 23 March 2023

Accepted: 16 August 2023

First Online: 28 August 2023

Competing interests

: J.F.d.B. has acquired grant support (for the institution; Department of Physics, VU) from the Dutch Research Council (NWO) and industry (Thorlabs, ASML, Heidelberg Engineering). He has received royalties related to IP on OCT technologies and semiconductor metrology. He has acted as an expert witness for a UK-based law firm; P.S. has received consultancy fees (paid to the university) from Alzheon, Brainstorm Cell and Green Valley. Within his university affiliation, he is the global PI of the phase 1b study of AC Immune, Phase 2b study with FUJI-film/Toyama and phase 2 study of UCB and phase 1 study with ImmunoBrain Checkpoint. He is chair of the EU steering committee of the phase 2b programme of Vivoryon, the phase 2b study of Novartis Cardiology and co-chair of the phase 3 study with NOVO-Nordisk. He is also an employee of EQT Life Sciences (formerly LSP); F.B. performs contract research for Optina Dx and Optos; she has been an invited speaker at Roche and has been invited for expert testimony at Biogen. All funding is paid to her institution; J.J.M.H. received grants from the Dutch Research Council (ZonMW), and, Alzheimer Netherlands, performed contract research or received grants from Merck, ONO Pharmaceuticals, Janssen Prevention Center, DiscovericBio, AxonNeurosciences, Roche, Genentech, Promis, Denali, FirstBiotherapeutics, and Ensol Biosciences. All payments were made to the institution. J.J.M.H. participates in the scientific advisory board of Alzheimer Netherlands and is Editor-in-Chief for <i>Acta Neuropathologica Communications</i>. The other authors declare no competing interests.