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Article History

Received: 3 February 2023

Accepted: 8 December 2023

First Online: 4 January 2024

Competing interests

: Johann Faouzi—<i>Reports no disclosures</i>. Manuela Tan—<i>Reports no disclosures</i>. Fanny Casse—<i>Reports no disclosures</i>. Suzanne Lesage—<i>Reports no disclosures</i>. Christelle Tesson—<i>Reports no disclosures</i>. Alexis Brice—<i>Reports no disclosures</i>. Graziella Mangone—<i>Reports no disclosures</i>. Louise-Laure Mariani—<i>Reports no disclosures related to the present work</i>. Competing financial interests unrelated to the present work: received research support grants from INSERM, JNLF, The L’Oreal Foundation, the French Parkinson Association, Fondation of France, Paris Brain Institute BBT and Neurocatalyst calls; speech honoraria from CSL, Sanofi-Genzyme, Lundbeck, Teva; consultant for Accure therapeutics, Sanofi and received travel funding from the Movement Disorders Society, ANAINF, Merck, Merz, Medtronic, Teva and AbbVie, outside the submitted work. Hirotaka Iwaki—<i>Reports no disclosures related to the present work</i>. Olivier Colliot—<i>Reports no disclosures related to the present work</i>. Competing financial interests unrelated to the present work: O.C. received consulting fees from AskBio and Therapanacea and received fees for writing a lay audience short paper from Expression Santé. His laboratory received grants (paid to the institution) from Qynapse. Members from his laboratory have co-supervised a PhD thesis with myBrainTechnologies. O.C.’s spouse is an employee of myBrainTechnologies. O.C. holds a patent registered at the International Bureau of the World Intellectual Property Organization (PCT/IB2016/0526993, Schiratti J-B, Allassonniere S, Colliot O, Durrleman S, A method for determining the temporal progression of a biological phenomenon and associated methods and devices). Lasse Pihlstrøm—<i>Reports no disclosures related to the present work</i>. Has served as consultant for Roche, for which a fee was paid to his institution, and received grants from the South-Eastern Regional Health Authority, Norway, National Health Association, Norway and the Michael J. Fox Foundation. Jean-Christophe Corvol—<i>Reports no disclosures related to the present work</i>. Has served in scientific advisory boards for Biogen, Denali, Ever Pharma, Isdorsia, Prevail Therapeutics, UCB, and received grants from Sanofi, the Michael J Fox Foundation, ANR, France Parkinson, the French Ministry of Health.