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Article History

Received: 8 August 2024

Accepted: 7 November 2024

First Online: 21 November 2024

Competing interests

: AK, LG and GJ are all employees of Novartis Pharmaceuticals and may hold common stock in the company. MD and JR are employees of Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, and may own stock and/or stock options. JA has received research support from the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research, NIH/NINDS, the Huntington Study Group, and PhotoPharmics; received compensation as a consultant/steering committee/advisory board member from the Huntington Study Group, the Parkinson Study Group, Sana Biotechnology, Biohaven, and the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research. CA is supported by the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and received research grant support from UCB Pharma, MSD, EPSRC and has been a consultant for UCB and J & J. BRB: No declaration. CC has been a consultant for AbbVie, Mission Therapeutics and Roche and received research funding from Parkinson’s UK, Edmond J Safra Foundation, National Institute of Health and Care Research and Cure Parkinson’s. JCe has been a consultant for VanquaBio, MiCure, Elsie Bio, has stock/options from Vanqua Bio, Micure, Immunobrain Checkpoint and has received grant funding from ASAP, the Marcus Foundation. JCo is an employee of AbbVie Pharmaceuticals. DTD: No declaration. JE is an employee of Biogen. EG is an employee of UCB Pharmaceuticals. DH has been a consultant for the Critical Path Institute, a share holder and employee of Panoramic Digital Health and received funding from the EPSRC, and France Relance. FH is employed part-time at Clario. ESI is an employee of Koneksa Health and may own company stock. TK is an employee of Takeda Pharmaceuticals. DK No declaration. CK No declaration. ML is a consultant to F. Hoffmann– La Roche Ltd via Inovigate. JM has consulted for and received funding from the Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research. KM No declaration. KMc No declaration. AM has been a consult for Koneksa and received grant funding from MJFF, JPND, US Department of Defense, and the EU IMI. MM No declaration. GP is an employee of F. Hoffmann La-Roche. MJP is an employee of Sanofi, and may hold shares and/or stock options in the company. LR has received honorarium from the MJ Fox Foundation and grant funding from EU, NIHR, MRC, EPSRC, Cure Parkinson’s Trust, PDUK, Dunhill Medical Trust. SS No declaration. AS has been a consultant to the following companies in the past year: Acadia, Boerhinger-Ingelheim, GE Healthcare, Wave Life Sciences, Inhibikase, Prevail, Mitzubishi and Alertity Therapeutics. He has served on DSMBs for the Huntington Study Group and The Healey ALS Consortium (Massachusetts General Hospital).He has received grant funding from the Michael J. Fox Foundation, NIA and NINDS. TS has served as a consultant for AskBio, Amneal, Blue Rock Therapeutics, Critical Path for Parkinson’s Consortium (CPP), Denali, General Electric, Kyowa, Neuroderm/ MTPA, Prevail/ Lilly, Roche, Sanofi, Sinopia, Takeda and Vanqua Bio. She has served on the ad board for AskBio, Amneal, Biohaven, Denali, GAIN, General Electric, Kyowa, MJFF, Neuron23, Parkinson Study Group, Prevail/ Lilly, and Roche. She has also served as a member of the scientific advisory board of Koneksa, Neuroderm/ MTPA, Sanofi and UCB. Dr. Simuni has received research funding from Amneal, Biogen, Neuroderm, Prevail, Roche, UCB and is an investigator for NINDS, MJFF, Parkinson’s Foundation. DS No declaration. CS-F No declaration. JAW is an employee of Koneksa Health and may own stock and/or stock options. No funding is associated with the production of this manuscript.