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Authors
Li, Juan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1565-2477
Grimes, Kelsey https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0545-3813
Saade, Joseph https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5913-3575
Tomlinson, Julianna J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2997-5162
Mestre, Tiago A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6973-7479
Schade, Sebastian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6316-6804
Weber, Sandrina https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5713-2141
Dakna, Mohammed https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8341-0360
Wicke, Tamara https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9779-4692
Lang, Elisabeth https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5748-1376
Trenkwalder, Claudia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6407-1199
Salmaso, Natalina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9661-5194
Frank, Andrew
Ramsay, Tim https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8478-8170
Manuel, Douglas https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0912-0845
,
Mollenhauer, Brit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8437-3645
Schlossmacher, Michael G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0394-0300
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Parkinson Research Consortium Ottawa
uOttawa Brain & Mind Research Institute
Parkinson Canada
The Ottawa Hospital Foundation
Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP-020625, ASAP-020625, ASAP-020625, ASAP-020625)
Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research
Department of Medicine
Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik Kassel
Parkinson Fonds Deutschland
Deutsche Parkinson Vereinigung
TD Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (AIM) Hub
Uttra & Subhash Bhargava Family
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Article History
Received: 8 October 2024
Accepted: 12 March 2025
First Online: 23 April 2025
Competing interests
: Peer reviewed grants that funded the work are listed in Acknowledgements. M.G.S. reports royalties from Eli Lilly (administered via MassGeneral Brigham Integrated Healthcare System and unrelated to the topic of this study), and payment for travel and hotel as an invited speaker at the AD/PD 2024 conference. In 2024, M.G.S co-founded NeuroScent, Inc. to develop a simplified testing platform for hyposmia. B.M. reports honoraria for consultancy and/or educational presentations from GE, Bial, Roche, Biogen, and AbbVie. B.M. is a member of the executive steering committee of the Parkinson Progression Marker Initiative of the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research. M.G.S. and B.M. received research funding from Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP, CRN). C.T. reports personal payment from the UCB Data Safety Monitoring Board in Early PD and the Advisory Board of Boehringer, Ono, Bial, Roche in Early PD (both not related to the current manuscript), and several leadership roles in the Movement Disorder Society, including the past-president (no payment). None of the other authors declares any competing financial interests.
