Article History
Received: 3 June 2024
Accepted: 22 May 2025
First Online: 1 July 2025
Competing interests
: A.W.S. reports grant support from the NIH R01NS122943 as PI and Ro1 NS121120-01 as a Co-I. She reports past funding from Benign Essential Blepharospasm Research foundation, Dystonia coalition, Dystonia Medical Research foundation, National Organization for Rare Disorders. AWS has received consultant fees from Merz, Jazz and Acadia. She is the current Vice President for the Tremor Research Group and recent advisor for Supernus, Biogen-Sage and Encora. AWS and MM are currently serving as the associate editors for Nature Parkinson’ disease journal.