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Article History

Received: 30 July 2025

Accepted: 1 August 2025

First Online: 26 September 2025

Competing interests

: S.L-.S. IA has nothing to report. J-C.C. served in advisory boards for Air Liquide, Biogen, Biophytis, Denali, Ever Pharma, Idorsia, Prevail Therapeutic, Theranexus, and UCB and received grants from Sanofi and The Michael J. Fox Foundation. M.V. received unrestricted grants (Iceberg cohort) from Fondation d’Entreprise EDF, Fondation Saint Michel, the Fondation Thérèse and René Planiol pour l’étude du Cerveau, and unrestricted support for research on Parkinson’s disease from Energipole (M. Mallart) and Société Française de Médecine Esthétique (M. Legrand). S.L. received grants from Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANRMNP 2009, Nucleipark), DHOS-Inserm (2010, Nucleipark), France Parkinson (2008), Ecole Neuroscience de Paris, and “Investissements d’avenir” (grants ANR-10-IAIHU-06 and ANR-11-INBS-0006) during the conduct of the study, and a research grant from Biogen Inc. ER received honorarium for speech from Orkyn, Aguettant, Elivie, and for participating in advisory boards from Merz-Pharma, Ipsen, Elivie, Teva, and BIAL. He received research support from Merz-Pharma, Orkyn, Aguettant, Elivie, Ipsen, Everpharma, Enjoysharing, Fondation Desmarest, AMADYS, ADCY5.org, Fonds de dotation Patrick Brou de Laurière, Agence Nationale de la Recherche, Dystonia Medical Research Foundation.