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Article History

Received: 15 May 2025

Accepted: 17 September 2025

First Online: 7 October 2025

Competing interests

: AO received grants from the Koeln Fortune Program (grant-no. 329/2021, 142/2023, 145/2024, 15/2025), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, the “Novartis-Stiftung für therapeutische Forschung”, and the “Imhoff-Stiftung”. SR, DS, KK, EF: none. CEJD was supported by the Clinician Scientist Program (CCSP)/Faculty of Medicine/University of Cologne, funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation, FI 773/15-1). GRF serves as an editorial board member of Cortex, Neurological Research and Practice, NeuroImage: Clinical, Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie, and Info Neurologie & Psychiatrie; receives royalties from the publication of the books Funktionelle MRT in Psychiatrie und Neurologie, Neurologische Differentialdiagnose, SOP Neurologie, and Therapiehandbuch Neurologie; receives royalties from the publication of the neuropsychological tests KAS and Köpps; received honoraria for speaking engagements from Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie (DGN) and Forum für medizinische Fortbildung FomF GmbH; receives funding from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (CRC 1451; Project-ID 431549029). MS received grants from the Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (grant number 2019_EKES.02), the Koeln Fortune Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, funding from the program “Netzwerke 2021”, an initiative of the Ministry of Culture and Science of the State of Northrhine Westphalia, and from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the framework of the funding program ACCENT (funding code 01EO2107). EK received grants from the German Ministry of Education and Research, the Joint Federal Committee, and The German Parkinson Foundation, all outside the submitted work. EK received honoraria from the companies EISAI GmbH, Germany, memodio GmbH, Germany, Desitin GmbH, Germany, and Prolog GmbH, Germany, all outside the submitted work.