Document is current

Article History

Received: 5 February 2025

Accepted: 26 September 2025

First Online: 19 November 2025

Competing interests

: Prof. Bloem serves as the co-Editor in Chief for the Journal of PD, serves on the editorial board of Practical Neurology and Digital Biomarkers, has received fees from serving on the scientific advisory board for the Critical Path Institute, Gyenno Science, MedRhythms, UCB, Kyowa Kirin and Zambon (paid to the Institute), has received fees for speaking at conferences from AbbVie, Bial, Biogen, GE Healthcare, Oruen, Roche, UCB and Zambon (paid to the Institute), and has received research support from Biogen, Cure Parkinson’s, Davis Phinney Foundation, Edmond J. Safra Foundation, Fred Foundation, Gatsby Foundation, Hersenstichting Nederland, Horizon 2020, IRLAB Therapeutics, Maag Lever Darm Stichting, Michael J Fox Foundation, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Economic Affairs & Climate Policy, Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (ZonMw), Not Impossible, Parkinson Vereniging, Parkinson’s Foundation, Parkinson’s UK, Stichting Alkemade-Keuls, Stichting Parkinson NL, Stichting Woelse Waard, Topsector Life Sciences and Health, UCB, Verily Life Sciences, Roche and Zambon. Prof. Bloem does not hold any stocks or stock options with any companies that are connected to PD or to any of his clinical or research activities. BTM.S. is funded as postdoc by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF – Der Wissenschaftsfonds), #ConnectingMinds under grant agreement number CM 1100-B with the short title: Unlocking the Muse. All other authors declare no conflict of interest.