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Article History

Received: 4 August 2025

Accepted: 4 November 2025

First Online: 13 December 2025

Competing interests

: S.H.F. has received clinic support from the Edmond J Safra Foundation for Parkinson Research; Parkinson Foundation and UHN Foundation. Research Funding from Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson Research, NIH (Dystonia Coalition); Parkinson Canada; Weston Foundation. Honoraria from the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. Site PI for Clinical Trials for Alexion, Biotie, Consultancy/Speaker fees from Abbvie, Lundbeck, Sunovion; Royalties from Oxford University Press Daniel Di Luca reported no financial disclosures. Ron Postuma. is supported by grants from FRQ-S, CIHR, the Michael J. Fox Foundation, the Webster Foundation, Roche, and the NIH; R.P. reports personal fees from Abbvie, Curasen, Novartis, Vanqua, Merck, Vaxxinity, Bristol Myers Squibb, Clinilabs, Epic, Regeneron, Helicon, and the International Parkinson and Movement Disorders Society, outside the submitted work.Roongroj Bhidayasiri has received grants from the following agencies: the Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI, Programme Management Unit for Competitiveness, C01F670185), the National Economic and Social Development Council of Thailand, Thailand Centre of Excellence for Life Sciences (TC (ERP) 31/2568), the National Research Council of Thailand (N42A680591, N35E680087), and Chulalongkorn University (CE68_028_3000_004). He is also supported by the Royal Society of Thailand, has provided consultancy services, and has received honoraria and lecture fees from industries such as Britannia, Ipsen, Teva-Lundbeck, and Mitsubishi-Tanabe. Bhidayasiri holds patents for various innovations, including a laser-guided walking stick, a portable tremor device, technology for monitoring during the night (NIGHT-Recorder), an electronic diary for Parkinson’s disease symptoms, as well as the Parkinson insole and shoe, and anti-choking mugs. Furthermore, his copyrighted works comprise the mobile application for screening Parkinson’s disease (Check PD), a Parkinson’s mascot, a daily activity diary for Parkinson’s, creative dopamine-themed lyrics, and educational video content focusing on common nighttime and gastrointestinal symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease. Franciso Cardoso reported speaker roles for Torrent and Bial e Teva and the advisory board for Knight e Ventus.Gabor Kovacs reports personal fees from Parexel and Mitsubishi-Tanabe; funding from Rossy Family Foundation, from Edmond Safra Foundation, grants from Krembil Foundation, MSA Coalition, MJ Fox Foundation, Parkinson Canada, NIH, Canada Foundation for Innovation, and Ontario Research Fund outside the submitted work; in addition, GGK has a shared patent for 5G4 Synuclein antibody and a pending patent for Diagnostic assays for movement disorders (18/537,455), and received royalties from Wiley, Cambridge, Taylor and Francis, and Elsevier publishers. Regina Katzenschlager has received personal fees, honoraria for consulting or speaking, or research grants from: AbbVie, Bial, Britannia, Ever Pharma, Merz, Neuroderm, Novartis, Stada, Supernus, UCB, ZambonClaudia Trenkwalder has received grants from DLR ERA Net-BRAVA Project, PPMI, Royalities from Thieme Publisher, PDSS-2 license fee, Consulting Fees from Abbvie, Bial, Boehringer, Roche, UCB, Convatec, Honoraria/Speaker fees from Abbvie, Bial, Esteve, MDS, German Parkinson Society, European Academy of Neurology.