Acquah, Aidan
Creagh, Andrew
Hamy, Valentin
Shreves, Alaina
Zisou, Charilaos
Harper, Charlie
van Duijvenboden, Stefan
Antoniades, Chrystalina
Bennett, Derrick
Clifton, David
Doherty, Aiden
Funding for this research was provided by:
EPSRC (EP/S02428X/1)
EPSRC (EP/W031744/1)
GlaxoSmithKline (EP/V519741/1)
National Institutes of Health
BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford (RE/18/3/34214)
BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford (RE/18/3/34214)
Swiss Re Foundation
Wellcome Trust (223100/Z/21/Z)
Wellcome Trust (204904/Z/16/Z)
Wellcome Trust (223100/Z/21/Z)
NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom
UCB Pharma
Novo Nordisk UK Research Foundation
Pandemic Sciences Institute
NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre
InnoHK Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Engineering
Royal Academy of Engineering
Article History
Received: 11 July 2025
Accepted: 9 November 2025
First Online: 24 November 2025
Competing interests
: A.S., C.Z., C.H., S.vD., C.A. and D.B. declare no competing interests. A.A., A.C. and D.C. were supported by GSK during this research. V.H. is an employee at GSK. A.D. has received research grants from SwissRe and Novo Nordisk. A.A., A.C. and A.D. have released the stepcount package software under an academic use licence that could result in commercial entities paying license fees for their use. The funders/sponsors had no role in the design of this study or the analysis and interpretation of the results.This research was supported [in part] by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The contributions of the NIH author(s) are considered Works of the United States Government. The findings and conclusions presented in this paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NIH or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.