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Article History

Received: 20 August 2025

Accepted: 9 December 2025

First Online: 3 January 2026

Competing interests

: DS: Reports research support from Medtronic, Boston Scientific, CND Life Science and Amneal and payments for advisory boards from Medtronic, BlueRock, Acadia and Insightec, and Boston Scientific, and teaching from Boston Scientific. MS: Received clinical trial support from Abbvie, Supernus, Bial, UCB, Scion. Received consulting fees from Boston Scientific and Medtronic.CS: Reports acting as a consultant for PD NeurotechnologyTHT: Consultant for clinical trials in movement disorders for Clario (previously WCG)KWC, LC: No relevant disclosures CT: No relevant disclosures.VDS: Received educational funds from Medtronic, unrelated to the submitted work.LA: Consultant for Medtronic and Boston Scientific.CA: Received research support from the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, the Calgary Parkinson Research Initiative, and the Quebec Consortium for Drug Discovery. She served as a consultant for Synucure Therapeutics; and received honoraria from the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (MDS).AF received payments as consultant and/or speaker from Abbvie, Abbott, Boston Scientific, Ceregate, Inbrain Neuroelectronics, Medtronic, Iota; he has received research support from Abbvie, Boston Scientific, Medtronic.MSS has received honoraria as consultant/scientific advisory board member from Boston Scientific Neuromodulation and Medtronic. He has received research grants on behalf of the institution from Boston Scientific Neuromodulation, Abbvie, Biogen, Neuraly, Michael J Fox Foundation, National Institute of Health, NP: has received honoraria as a consultant for Abbvie, Superneus, Amneal. CK: has served as consultant and or speaker for Medtronic and Teva. JJS: has received consulting fees from Medtronic, BlueRock, Teva, Abbvie, Amneal; serves on the scientific advisory board for Photopharmics and RebrAIn, and on the DSMB for Biohaven and Emalex; and has received research funds from BlueRock and ONO. TMH has received consulting fees from Medtronic, serves on the scientific advisory board for Medtronic and MarvelBiome, serves on the DSMB for BlueRock Therapeutics, and has received research support from Medtronic, Boston Scientific and AskBio.HS has received clinical trial support from Novo Nordisk, Blue Rock, Prevail, MeiraGTX, Insightec, Biogen, Genentech, Bukwang, Neuroderm, Sun Pharma, Cerevance, UCB, Bial. She has received consulting fees from Novo Nordisk. HO has received clinical trial support from Novo Nordisk, Blue Rock, Prevail, MeiraGTX, Insightec, Biogen, Genentech, Bukwang, Sun Pharma, Cerevance, UCB, Bial.