Document is current

Article History

Received: 11 July 2025

Accepted: 18 January 2026

First Online: 3 February 2026

Competing interests

: HS acknowledges receiving grants or contracts from Prevail, BlueRock, Novo Nordisk, Neuroderm, Cerevance, MeiraGTX, Bukwang, Biogen, Genentech, Insightec, and UCB, and consulting fees from Neuroderm and Novo Nordisk. JF reports receiving grants or contracts from the Spanish Ministry of Health, consulting fees from AbbVie, Ever Pharma, and Orion Pharma, honoraria from AbbVie, Bial, Italfarmaco, and Stada, support for attending meetings and/or travel from AbbVie and Italfarmaco, participated on a data safety monitoring committee for Bioartic, received medical equipment from Orion Pharma, and also stock ownership from Sense4care. RP reports receiving grants or contracts from Abbott, AbbVie, Amylyx, ASK Bio, Biogen, Bluerock (Bayer), Cerevance, Cerevel, EIP, Fasikl, Global Kinetics, Inhibikase, Intra-cellular Therapies (ITI), Jazz, Michael J Fox Foundation, Neurocrine, Neuroderm, Neuron 23, ONO, Parkinson’s Foundation, Praxis, Roche, Sage, Saluda, Scion, Teva, Theravance, TrueBinding, UCB, and Ventus, consulting fees from Abbott, AbbVie, ACADIA, Amneal, Convatec, Fasikl, Genetech, Insightec, Jazz, Lundbeck, Merz, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Ono, PhotoPharmics, Sun Biopharma, and Supernus. SF reports receiving a grant from Rho Inc., participating on a data safety monitoring board for Biogen and Takeda, and participating in the Executive Committee Pan American section of the Movement Disorder Society.