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Authors
Kamo, Hikaru
Mehta, Tejas R.
Remz, Matthew
Burke, Rachael M.
Brooks, Anne
Smiley, Adrianne
Okun, Michael S.
Hess, Christopher W.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (23K19409)
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Article History
Received: 18 December 2025
Accepted: 23 February 2026
First Online: 28 March 2026
Competing interests
: The other authors declare no competing interests. Hikaru Kamo (HK): H.K. received grant support from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI (23K19409), the Japanese Society of Neurology, and the Melvin Yahr Clinical Research Award from the IAPRD/Parkinson’s Foundation, unrelated to the present study. Rachael M. Burke: None.Tejas R. Mehta: None.Matthew Remz: None.Anne Brooks: Employment (Parkinson’s Foundation).Adrianne Smiley: Employment (Parkinson’s Foundation).Michael S. Okun (MSO): Dr. Okun serves as Medical Advisor to the Parkinson’s Foundation and has received research grants from the NIH, Parkinson’s Foundation, the Michael J. Fox Foundation, the Parkinson Alliance, the Smallwood Foundation, the Tourette Association of America, and the UF Foundation. Dr. Okun’s research is supported by NIH awards R01NS131342, R01NR014852, R01NS096008, UH3NS119844, and U01NS119562; he is a multi-PI of the NIH R25NS108939 training grant. Dr. Okun has received royalties for publications with Hachette Book Group, Demos, Manson, Amazon, Smashwords, Books4Patients, Perseus, Robert Rose, Oxford, and Cambridge (movement disorders books). He is an Associate Editor for NEJM Journal Watch Neurology and JAMA Neurology. Dr. Okun has participated in CME and educational activities (past 12–24 months) on movement disorders sponsored by WebMD/Medscape, RMEI Medical Education, the American Academy of Neurology, the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society, Mediflix, and Vanderbilt University. The institution, and not Dr. Okun, receives grants from industry. He has participated as site PI and/or co-I in several NIH, foundation, and industry-sponsored trials without receiving honoraria. Research projects at the University of Florida receive device and drug donations.Christopher W. Hess (CWH): CWH has served as an Independent Safety Advisor for Saluda Medical and has received research funding from the Parkinson’s Foundation and honoraria for speaking engagements, grant reviews, and scientific reviews from The Parkinson’s Foundation, World Parkinson Congress, and UpToDate.
