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Article History

Received: 5 December 2025

Accepted: 23 March 2026

First Online: 6 April 2026

Competing interests

: D.S., M.B.G., D.B., R.H.R., B.M., K.R., O.R., S.R., J.S., A.S., C.T., R.D., and A.O. have no competing interests to declare.EK received grants from the German Ministry of Education and Research, the Joint Federal Committee, and The German Parkinson Foundation, all outside the submitted work. EK received honoraria from the companies EISAI GmbH, Germany, memodio GmbH, Germany, Desitin GmbH, Germany, and Prolog GmbH, Germany, all outside the submitted work.JK is a consultant and speaker for AbbVie, Bial, Biogen, Desitin, Esteve, Merz, Mitsubishi Tanaka, Roche, Stada, UCB Pharma, and Zambon; in addition, he is Specialty Chief Editor for Frontiers in Neurology (section Applied Neuroimaging) and Associate Editor (Neurology) for Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease. ILS reports funding from Parkinson Stiftung and travel grants from Desitin and the German Society for Neurology outside the submitted work.KW receives funding from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Association) and STADAPHARM GmbH outside the present study. He has received honoraria for presentations/advisory boards/consultations from BIAL, Indorsia, Boston Scientific and STADAPHARM GmbH, outside the present study. He has received royalties from Thieme Press and Elsevier Press. He serves as an editorial board member of Wileys “Parkinson’s Disease”, “Behavioral Neurology” and PLOSone. MKD is supported by a VENI grant of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) VI.Veni.221G.017.