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Article History

Received: 17 January 2026

Accepted: 25 March 2026

First Online: 10 April 2026

Competing interests

: These authors declare competing interests: LMG has received speaker fees from Quanterix and Esteve and served as a consultant for Quanterix. MJP is currently a full-time employee at Amprion Inc. DA has participated in advisory boards for Fujirebio-Europe, Roche Diagnostics, Grifols S.A. and Lilly, and received speaker honoraria from Fujirebio-Europe, Roche Diagnostics, Nutricia, Krka Farmacéutica S.L., Zambon S.A.U., Neuraxpharm, Alter Medica, Lilly and Esteve Pharmaceuticals S.A. DA holds a patent for markers of synaptopathy in neurodegenerative disease (licensed to ADx NeuroSciences N.V., WO2019175379 Markers of synaptopathy in neurodegenerative diseases). JF has served on advisory boards, adjudication committees, or speaker honoraria from AC Immune, Adamed, Alzheon, Biogen, Eisai, Esteve, Fujirebio, Ionis, Laboratorios Carnot, Life Molecular Imaging, Lilly, Lundbeck, Novo Nordisk, Perha, Roche, Zambon, Spanish Neurological Society, T21 Research Society, Lumind Foundation, Jérôme-Lejeune Foundation, Alzheimer’s Association, National Institutes of Health USA, and Instituto de Salud Carlos III. JF also holds a patent for markers of synaptopathy in neurodegenerative disease (licensed to ADx NeuroSciences N.V., WO2019175379 Markers of synaptopathy in neurodegenerative diseases). HZ has served at scientific advisory boards and/or as a consultant for Abbvie, Acumen, Alector, Alzinova, ALZpath, Amylyx, Annexon, Apellis, Artery Therapeutics, AZTherapies, Cognito Therapeutics, CogRx, Denali, Eisai, Enigma, LabCorp, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Merry Life, Nervgen, Novo Nordisk, Optoceutics, Passage Bio, Pinteon Therapeutics, Prothena, Quanterix, Red Abbey Labs, reMYND, Roche, Samumed, ScandiBio Therapeutics AB, Siemens Healthineers, Triplet Therapeutics, and Wave, has given lectures sponsored by Alzecure, BioArctic, Biogen, Cellectricon, Fujirebio, LabCorp, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Oy Medix Biochemica AB, Roche, and WebMD, is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program, and is a shareholder of MicThera (outside submitted work). KLP has been on the Scientific Advisory Board for Amprion and has been a consultant for Novartis, Lilly, BioArctic, Biohaven, Curasen and Neuron23. CA has received honoraria as a speaker from Hoffman-La Roche LTD, Nutricia, Schwabe Farma Ibérica SAU and Zambon; and is a member of the Board of Directors of the Lewy Body Dementia Association, the Scientific Committee of Lewy Body España, and the Alzheimer’s Association International Society to Advance Alzheimer’s Research and Treatment (ISTAART) Advisory Council. All other authors (AMS, SAL, BA, NJA, ENW, IRB, CBY, JRW, MSB, HV, TP, EVC, IS, JHM, VR, GAK, KIA, VWH, TJM, LT, and ECM) declare no financial or non-financial competing interests. No authors have pending patent applications related to the work described in this manuscript.