Yang, Po-Kai
Carlon, Juha
Goris, Maaike
Klaver, Emilie
Nonnekes, Jorik
van Wezel, Richard J. A.
Alcock, Lisa
Yarnall, Alison J.
Rochester, Lynn
Hansen, Clint
Schlenstedt, Christian
Maetzler, Walter
Buzaglo, David
Brozgol, Marina
Hausdorff, Jeffrey M.
Nieuwboer, Alice
Gilat, Moran
Ginis, Pieter
Vanrumste, Bart
Filtjens, Benjamin
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Education (KU Leuven - Taiwan) scholarship
Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (S001024N)
Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (1SHEK24N)
Flanders AI Research Program
NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre
National Institute for Health and Care Research
Article History
Received: 14 August 2025
Accepted: 19 May 2026
First Online: 2 June 2026
Competing interests
: KU Leuven Research & Development has filed a European patent application (application number EP25179366.7, filed 28 May 2025, currently pending) covering the AI-assisted freezing of gait annotation workflow and the human-in-the-loop fine-tuning procedure described in this manuscript (section “Fine-tuned model externally validated” and Supplementary Information). P.G. is an employee of Clario, part of Thermo Fisher Scientific, which manufactures and distributes the OPAL sensors used for motor symptom measurement in Parkinson’s disease. The other authors declare no competing financial or non-financial interests.