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Article History

Received: 22 February 2026

Accepted: 1 June 2026

First Online: 10 June 2026

Competing interests

: J.A.H.: The author declares no competing financial or non-financial interests.M.Rei.: The author declares no competing financial or non-financial interests. N.S. is a member of Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma’s and STADA advisory board and has received speaker honoraria and travel support from AbbVie, STADApharm, Merz, Novartis, Zambon, and EISAI.E.K. is a shareholder of and received fees from VEObrain GmbH, Freiburg, Germany. H.M.: The author declares no competing financial or non-financial interests. M.Rij.: The author declares no competing financial or non-financial interests. S.H.: The author declares no competing financial or non-financial interests. L.F.: The author declares no competing financial or non-financial interests. H.W. receives honoraria for serving on scientific advisory boards for Alexion, Argenx, Biocryst, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cellerys, Galapagos, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Sandoz-Hexal, and uniQure biopharma B.V. He has received speaker honoraria and travel support from Alexion, AOCN, AstraZeneca, Biogen, BGP Products Operations GmbH, Bristol Myers Squibb, CEMCAT, EPG Health/Medthority, Genzyme, Kohlhammer, Merck, MS at the Limits, Neurodiem, NMSS, Novartis, Ology, Roche, Sanofi, Springer, Streamed up, TEVA, Uvet, and WebMD Global. He acts as a paid consultant for Alexion, Argenx, Argobio, Bristol Myers Squibb, Dianthus, EMD Serono, Fondazione Cariplo, Idorsia, Immunic, Immunovant, INmune Bio, Syneos Health, Janssen, LTS, Lundbeck, Merck, Muna Therapeutics, Myrobalan Therapeutics, Novartis, PSL Group, Red Nucleus, Roche, Samsung, Sangamo, Sanofi, Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Society, Teladochealth, Toleranzia, UCB, and Viatris. His research is funded by Alexion, Amicus Therapeutics Inc., Argenx, Biogen, CSL Behring, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Genzyme, Merck KGaA, Novartis, Roche, and UCB Biopharma. H.U. serves on the advisory boards of Biogen and Lilly, and has received speaker honoraria from Biogen, Eisai, mbits, Bayer, and GE. He is co-editor of Clinical Neuroradiology and was not involved in the journal’s review of, or decisions related to, this manuscript. A.R.: The author declares no competing financial or non-financial interests.