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Article History

Received: 9 January 2026

Accepted: 14 July 2026

First Online: 23 July 2026

Ethics

Competing interests: O.B. is one of the inventors on patent US 10,286,555 B2 (Title: Robot-controlled induction of the feeling of a presence) held by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) that covers the robot-induction of the presence hallucinations (riPH). O.B. is one of the inventors on patent US 10,349,899 B2 (Title: System and method for predicting hallucinations) held by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) that covers a robotic system for the prediction of hallucinations for diagnostic purposes. O.B., J.P. and F.B. are inventors on patent n° EP4407627A1 (Title: Numerosity estimation impairment measurement system) held by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) that covers the implicit measure of presence hallucinations. O.B. and F.B. are inventors on US Patent App. 19/127,963 held by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) for predicting a prognosis of the neuropsychological and/or neuropsychiatric status. O.B. is a member of the board and shareholder of Mindmaze Therapeutics SA. The authors declare no further potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.