Document is current

Article History

Received: 11 March 2026

Accepted: 19 July 2026

First Online: 25 July 2026

Ethics

Competing interests: A.A. has received compensation for consultancy and speaker related activities from UCB, Bayer, Britannia, AbbVie, Zambon, Bial, Neuroderm, Theravance Biopharma, Roche; he receives research support Horizon 2020 EU Program, Italian Ministry of University, Italian Ministry of Health, Grigioni Foundation for Parkinson disease, Movement Disorders Society. He serves as consultant for Boehringer–Ingelheim for legal cases on pathological gambling. M.J.M. has received funding from ZonMW under the framework of Transforming Health and Care Systems, THCS, GA No 101095654 of the EU Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Programme. B.R.B. serves as the co-Editor in Chief for the Journal of Parkinson’s disease, serves on the editorial board of Practical Neurology and Digital Biomarkers, has received fees from serving on the scientific advisory board for the Critical Path Institute, Gyenno Science, MedRhythms, UCB, Kyowa Kirin and Zambon (paid to the Institute), has received fees for speaking at conferences from AbbVie, Bial, Biogen, GE Healthcare, Oruen, Roche, UCB and Zambon (paid to the Institute), and has received research support from Biogen, Cure Parkinson’s, Davis Phinney Foundation, Edmond J. Safra Foundation, Fred Foundation, Gatsby Foundation, Hersenstichting Nederland, Horizon 2020, IRLAB Therapeutics, Maag Lever Darm Stichting, Michael J Fox Foundation, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Economic Affairs & Climate Policy, Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (ZonMw), Not Impossible, Parkinson Vereniging, Parkinson’s Foundation, Parkinson’s UK, Stichting Alkemade-Keuls, Stichting Parkinson NL, Stichting Woelse Waard, Health Holland/Topsector Life Sciences and Health, UCB, Verily Life Sciences, Roche and Zambon. D.P. received speaker honoraria at symposia sponsored by AbbVie Inc., Bayer, Bial, Boston Scientific Corp., Esteve Pharmaceuticals, Merz Pharma, Medtronic, and Zambon. He also received consultancy honoraria from AbbVie Inc., Bial, Boston Scientific Corp., Bayer, Desitin, Merz Pharma, and STADAPHARM GmbH, as well as a research grant from Boston Scientific Corp. for the project “Sensor-based Optimization of Deep Brain Stimulation Settings in Parkinson’s Disease” (COMPARE-DBS: Computerized Parameter Optimization of Deep Brain Stimulation in Idiopathic Parkinson’s Syndrome). In addition, his travel expenses for attending conferences were reimbursed by Bial, Desitin, Esteve Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Merz Pharma, and Boston Scientific Corp. P.O. has received funding from AbbVie, Lund University Medical Faculty, Multipark, the Swedish Parkinson Academy, The Swedish Parkinson Foundation, Health Care Region Skåne and Åhlens Foundation. K.R. has received funding from Lund University Medical Faculty, Multipark, the Swedish Parkinson Academy and Health Care Region Skåne. M.S. received funding from Multipark, the Swedish Parkinson Academy and Health Care Region Skåne. A.E.S. has received consultancy fees from Lilly, Bial, and Abbvie, has received fees from serving on the advisory board of Bial and Otsuka, has received conference attendance support from Bial and Abbvie, has received royalties from Oxford University Press. A.E.S. was awarded research grants from the European Commission, Parkinson’s UK, International Parkinson’s and Movement Disorders Society, National Institute of Health (NIHR), National Institute for Health, University College London, and UCLH Biomedical Research Centre. P.T., U.K. and K.S. have received funding from the Estonian Research Foundation (PRG2736). U.K. received funding from AbbVie and Stada Estonia OÜ. S.K. received honoraria as a consultant or speaker for Abbvie, ITF, Merck, Teva, PD Neurotechnology. All other authors have no additional disclosures to report.