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Article History

Received: 22 May 2019

Accepted: 8 November 2019

First Online: 5 December 2019

Competing interests

: V.K. has received honoraria from AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer, outside the submitted work. D.P. has board membership with Aerocrine, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Mylan, Mundipharma, Napp, Novartis, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi Genzyme, Teva Pharmaceuticals; consultancy agreements with Almirall, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, GlaxoSmithKline, Mylan, Mundipharma, Napp, Novartis, Pfizer, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Theravance; grants and unrestricted funding for investigator-initiated studies (conducted through Observational and Pragmatic Research Institute Pte Ltd) from Aerocrine, AKL Research and Development Ltd, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, British Lung Foundation, Chiesi, Mylan, Mundipharma, Napp, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Respiratory Effectiveness Group, Sanofi Genzyme, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Theravance, UK National Health Service, Zentiva (Sanofi Generics); payment for lectures/speaking engagements from Almirall, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Cipla, GlaxoSmithKline, Kyorin, Mylan, Merck, Mundipharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi Genzyme, Skyepharma, Teva Pharmaceuticals; payment for manuscript preparation from Mundipharma, Teva Pharmaceuticals; payment for the development of educational materials from Mundipharma, Novartis; payment for travel/accommodation/meeting expenses from Aerocrine, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Mundipharma, Napp, Novartis, Teva Pharmaceuticals; funding for patient enrolment or completion of research from Chiesi, Novartis, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Zentiva (Sanofi Generics); stock/stock options from AKL Research and Development Ltd, which produces phytopharmaceuticals; owns 74% of the social enterprise Optimum Patient Care Ltd (Australia and UK) and 74% of Observational and Pragmatic Research Institute Pte Ltd (Singapore); and is peer reviewer for grant committees of the Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation programme, and Health Technology Assessment. A.P. is on the boards for and has received research and travel support and consultancy and lecture fees from Chiesi Farmaceutici, AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Takeda, Mundipharma Research Limited and Teva; has received lecture fees and travel support from Menarini, Novartis and Zambon; is on the boards for and has received lecture fees and travel support from Pfizer, and has received research support from Sanofi. B. Ställberg has received honoraria for educational activities and lectures from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline, Meda, MSD, Novartis and Teva, and has served on advisory boards arranged by GlaxoSmithKline, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Meda and Boehringer Ingelheim. D.R. has received consultancy fees from Chiesi, Teva, Novartis and Boehringer Ingelheim; fees from advisory boards from Teva, Chiesi, Boehringer Ingelheim and Novartis; has received lecture fees from Takeda, AstraZeneca and Meda; has received payment for educational presentations from Meda; is European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology chair of primary care interest group; is Director of Respiratory Effectiveness Group; and is Strategic Clinical Director for Optimum Patient Care. F.L. has received honoraria for consultancy and presentations from Cipla, Almirall, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Menarini International, Teva and Zentiva. H.C. has no shares in any pharmaceutical companies; is employed by RiRL, which is subcontracted by Observational and Pragmatic Research Institute Pte Ltd; has received sponsorship to carry out studies, together with board membership, consultancy agreements, and honoraria for presentation for Almirall, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, GlaxoSmithKline, Innovata, Biomed, Meda, Napp Pharmaceuticals, Mundipharma Research Limited, NorPharma, Novartis, Orion, Sanofi, Teva, Truddell Medical International, UCB and Zentiva; and owns 50% of Inhalation Consultancy Ltd. J.H. has received reimbursements for attending symposia, fees for speaking, organising educational events, funds for research or fees for consulting from Cipla, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck Sharpe & Dohme, Mundipharma Research Limited and Novartis, and T.K.L. is on the boards for Novartis and Meda; is on the scientific committee for AstraZeneca and Novartis; has received lecture fees from AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, meda, Nycomed, Boehringer Ingelheim and Novartis; has received payment for developing educational presentations from Novartis; and is on the steering committees for AstraZeneca and Novartis. K.G.-J. declares speaking engagements and consultancy for AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer Ingelheim, Mundipharma and Novartis. M.R.-R. has received personal fees from Almirall, AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Menarini, Mundipharma Research Limited, Novartis, Pfizer, Rovi, Teva and Gebro and has received research support from personal fees from GlaxoSmithKline. T.v.d.M. has received grants for research, travel fees and reimbursement for presentations and advisory boards from AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, Almirall, Mundipharma Research Limited, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Teva and Novartis and is on the Certe Laboratories board. V.C. is an employee of Optimum Patient Care Ltd and Observational and Pragmatic Research Institute Pte Ltd. S.B.-A. has received payment for lectures, expert advice and independent research from Teva, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline, Mundipharma, Mylan and Sanofi, outside the submitted work. The rest of the authors declare no competing interests.