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Article History

Received: 9 February 2024

Accepted: 8 August 2024

First Online: 20 August 2024

Competing interests

: M.L.L. has received payments from publishers Taylor Francis and from Class Publishing; consulting fees from Smart Respiratory; Respiri; Imperial College, AstraZeneca, Novartis, and TEVA; speaker/writing fees from Chiesi, AstraZeneca, TEVA, and honoraria for manuscript writing and educational events from Consorzio Futuro in Ricerca; fees for expert testimony from HM Coroner, Waltham Forrest, London; support to attend meetings from TEVA; and has held leadership roles (unpaid) in Global Initiative on Asthma (GINA), NHS England, and UK All Party Parliamentary Advisory Group (Asthma). J.W.H.K. reports grants, personal fees and non-financial support from AstraZeneca, grants, personal fees and non-financial support from Boehringer Ingelheim, grants and personal fees from Chiesi, grants, personal fees and non-financial support from GSK, non-financial support from Mundi Pharma, grants and personal fees from Teva, personal fees from MSD, personal fees from COVIS Pharma, grants from Valneva outside the submitted work, and holds <5% shares of Lothar Medtec GmbH and 72.5% of shares in the General Practitioners Research Institute. S.B.-A. received support to provide expert opinion, contribute to advisory boards, deliver expert lectures/education and/or undertake independent investigator developed and led research from Teva, AstraZeneca, GSK, Viatris, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ibbvie, Chiesi, Menarini. SB-A is currently employed as Real World Evidence Lead, AstraZeneca, Australia and New Zealand. G.S., M.R., R.B., T.H., and T.L. are employees of Teva Pharmaceuticals. M.D. was an employee of Teva Pharmaceuticals when research was performed, and is currently an employee of Incyte Corporation, Newark, DE, USA. M.C. reports institutional grant funding from NIH, ALA, PCORI, AstraZeneca, GSK, Novartis, Pulmatrix, Sanofi-Aventis, and Shionogi. He receives consulting fees from Allakos, Arrowhead, Genentech, GSK, Merck, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis, Teva and OM Pharma. He receives payment for speaker’s bureau activities for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Genentech, Regeneron, Sanofi-Aventis, and Teva. He receives royalties from Aer Therapeutics and Elsevier. N.F. receives speaker honoraria from GSK, AstraZeneca, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Regeneron, Genentech, ALK-Abelló and Optinose. N.L.L. received consulting fees from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Avillion, Genentech, GSK, Novartis, Regeneron, Sanofi, and Teva; honoraria for non-speakers bureau presentations from GSK, Niox and AstraZeneca; and travel support from AstraZeneca; her institution received research support from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Avillion, Evidera, Gossamer Bio, Genentech, GSK, Regeneron, Sanofi, Novartis and Teva. She is an honorary faculty member of Observational and Pragmatic Research Institute but does not receive compensation for this role. H.C. has no shares in any pharmaceutical companies. He has received sponsorship to carry out studies, together with Board Membership, consultant agreements and honoraria for presentation, from several pharmaceutical companies that market inhaled products. These include Almirall, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, GlaxoSmithKline, Innovata Biomed, Meda, MediSage, Menarini, Mundipharma, Napp Pharmaceuticals, Nemera, NorPharma, Norvartis, Orion, Sanofi, Teva, Truddell Medical International, UCB and Zentiva. Research sponsorship has also been received from grant awarding bodies (EPSRC and MRC).

: This study was conducted in full accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and International Conference on Harmonisation guidelines for Good Clinical Practice. All study documents and procedures were approved by the appropriate Institutional Review Board or Ethics Committee (IRB #201606556). Written informed consent was obtained from each patient before study participation.