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Article History

Received: 7 June 2024

Accepted: 18 October 2024

First Online: 1 November 2024

Competing interests

: D.P. has advisory board membership with Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Circassia, Viatris, Mundipharma, Novartis, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi Genzyme, Teva Pharmaceuticals, and Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.; consultancy agreements with Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, GlaxoSmithKline, Viatris, Mundipharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Teva Pharmaceuticals, and Theravance; grants and unrestricted funding for investigator-initiated studies (conducted through Observational and Pragmatic Research Institute Pte Ltd) from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Circassia, Viatris, Mundipharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi Genzyme, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Theravance, and the UK National Health Service; has received payment for lectures/speaking engagements from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Cipla, GlaxoSmithKline, Viatris, Mundipharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi Genzyme, and Teva Pharmaceuticals; has received payment for travel/accommodation/meeting expenses from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Circassia, Mundipharma, Novartis, Teva Pharmaceuticals, and Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.; has received funding for patient enrollment or completion of research from Novartis; has stock/stock options from AKL Research and Development Ltd., which produces phytopharmaceuticals; owns 74% of the social enterprise Optimum Patient Care Ltd (Australia and UK) and 74% of Observational and Pragmatic Research Institute Pte Ltd (Singapore); is a 5% shareholder in Timestamp, which develops adherence monitoring technology; is a peer reviewer for grant committees of the UK Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation programme and Health Technology Assessment; and was an expert witness for GlaxoSmithKline. M.J.H.I.B. was an employee of AstraZeneca at the time this study was conducted. W.J.M. has served as a study investigator for AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, and Novartis. He has also served on speakers’ bureaus for AstraZeneca. R.M.B.-A. has participated in clinical trials for AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, and Chiesi. H.-C.W. has no conflicts to declare. D.V.D. has received funding and honorarium from AstraZeneca as a principal investigator for the present study. A.K. has no conflicts to declare. M.P.G. has served on speakers’ bureaus for AstraZeneca, Roche, Novartis, Novamed, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Scandinavia Pharma, and Janssen. A.A.Z. has no conflicts to declare. H.F. is an employee of AstraZeneca. D.A.-Z. has served on advisory boards and reports speaker fees from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Cipla, GlaxoSmithKline, Glenmark, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, Novartis, Orion, Pfizer, Scope, Teva, Thornton & Ross, Trudell, and Viatris.