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Article History

Received: 3 February 2025

Accepted: 13 March 2025

First Online: 25 March 2025

Competing interests

: EYFW has received research grants from the Health Bureau of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Hong Kong Security Bureau, and the Hong Kong Research Grants Council, outside the submitted work. ICKW reports research funding outside the submitted work from Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Janssen, Bayer, GSK, Novartis, the Hong Kong Research Grants Council, the Health Bureau of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, National Institute for Health Research in England, European Commission, and the National Health and Medical Research Council in Australia; has received speaker fees from Janssen and Medice in the previous 3 years; and is an independent non-executive director of Jacobson Medical in Hong Kong. FTTL has been supported by the RGC Postdoctoral Fellowship under the Hong Kong Research Grants Council and has received research grants from the Health Bureau of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, outside the submitted work. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the institutional review boards of the University of Hong Kong and HA (UW 20-172). As only anonymized medical records were analyzed no informed consent was required or feasible.